Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Argument - Essay Example The discourse would present a separate examination of each article’s arguments including supporting contentions. A concluding portion would then assess which editorial was deemed most effective. Editorial One: Australian gun control holds lessons for U.S. The editorial article entitled â€Å"Australian gun control holds lessons for U.S.† published online in the USA Today on December 18, 2012 proffered issues that apparently compared the measures taken by Australia in terms of gun control. As an editorial article, the author comes from the Editorial Board, but was not specifically identified. The article’s main thesis was despite sharing similarities between the United States and Australia in terms of having previously experienced violent deaths due to indiscriminate firing of guns, Australia’s gun control policy which was enforced after a 1996 shooting eventually solved the dilemma. According to the discourse, Australian law on gun control necessitated cat egorizing firearms into five distinct classifications, where â€Å"some of the deadliest assault-style weapons and large ammunition clips are now all but impossible for individuals to lawfully own. (Further), firearms are subject to a strict permitting process, and dealers are required to record sales, which are tracked by the national and territorial governments†¦ (In addition,) the law encouraged people to sell their firearms back to the government, which purchased and destroyed about 700,000 of them† (Australian gun control holds lessons for U.S. pars. 4 & 5). Due to the passing of this law, the report disclosed that evident result was no violent gun-related incidents ever occurred. The author used logical arguments through the support of evidential historical records and citing credible findings that apparently revealed the effectiveness of gun control through the law enforced by Australia. However, to verify the details, one made a quick research on the veracity of the facts through a report entitled â€Å"Firearm related deaths in Australia, 1991 – 2001† (Mouzos and Rushforth). The report revealed that although there was a decline in the number of firearm related deaths of 521 in 1996, there were still 437 deaths in 1997, 327 in 1998, 353 in 199, 331 in 2000 and 333 in 2001 (Mouzos and Rushforth). The information therefore clearly negates the assertion that no gun-related incidents ever occurred after enforcement of the gun control law. Editorial Two: Gun rights and gun control aren't necessarily exclusive From the Denver Post, the editorial article entitled â€Å"Gun rights and gun control aren't necessarily exclusive† published online on September 23, 2012 was likewise written by an unnamed member of the editorial board. The main argument that the article was disclosing apparent preference of the American public through public opinion polls which disclose that â€Å"polls in recent years have consistently affirmed that Americans believe it's more important to protect the right to own guns than to enact gun control† (Gun rights and gun control aren't necessarily exclusive par. 6). The discourse likewise made mention of advocates for the right to bear and keep firearms pursuant to the Second Amendment, to wit: â€Å"

Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens Essay Example for Free

Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens Essay Oliver Twist is a novel written by Charles Dickens. The novel follows an orphan boy named Oliver through many trials and tribulations he must endure. Through this he does have a few kind, compassionate, and stable people to rely on. Two of the most important were Nancy and Rose Maylie. Within this essay I will give a detailed description of both Rose and Nancy and also compare and contrast the two. First I would like to introduce you to Nancy. Nancy is the only female character of Fagin’s group. Being a part of this group Nancy must steal from the rich in order to make money for basic necessities and keep her relationships with the crew. This lifestyle puts he in the criminal social class or otherwise know as the lowest of the low social class. Nancy, much like Oliver, was also an orphan growing up. She acquires no formal education; therefore she can neither read nor write. Even though Nancy was not blessed with the luxury of the basic upbringing, she maintains very impressive street smarts. She displays this when bringing stolen goods to Fagin that are bundled like a baby so it is not witnessed as suspicious. Nancy may have been a criminal but she had a great heart. She had a great relationship with all of Fagin’s boys and cared for all of them. She also cared greatly for her boyfriend Bill Sikes who, in my opinion, did not return this love. Bill was very abusive towards Nancy and seemed to threaten her on a regular basis. When confronted with the question, â€Å"Do you love me Bill?† by Nancy, he did not directly answer and proceeded to ignore the question. In the end it was also Bill who ended up murdering Nancy. Apparently, Bill Sikes thought Nancy telling Mr. Brownlow and Rose where to find Oliver was punishable by death. By following through with the action of â€Å"peaching†, Nancy shows how much she truly cares about Oliver. Another major character in Oliver’s life was Rose Maylie. Rose Maylie was a ward of Mr. Brownlow, therefore also making her an orphan. Mr. Brownlow was an Upper Middle Class man, which made Rose and Upper Middle Class â€Å"Victorian woman.† She, like many others from her social class, was well educated. She even was very talented at playing the piano. Mr. Brownlow’s grandson, Edward, wanted to marry Rose. Rose, seeing that Edward’s thinking was wrong, expressed to him how against the idea she was; something very uncommon for that day in age. Oliver was brought into the home by Mr. Brownlow after Oliver was wrongfully accused of pick pocketing him. While Oliver is changing into clean, more appropriate clothing, Rose notices scars on Oliver’s back due to beatings. From then on Rose feel obligated to protect poor Oliver. She becomes somewhat of a sister figure to him. Throughout the novel Rose protects and defends Oliver. As you can see Nancy and Rose are different in many ways. However, both women do have a few things in common. Rose and Nancy both had very different social classes.

A Freudian Reading of Oedipus Rex and Antigone Essay -- comparison com

A Freudian Reading of Oedipus Rex and Antigone   Ã‚  Ã‚   In Civilization and Its Discontents, Freud postulates that the chief source of conflict within the human psyche is between the id, ego, and superego. The id contains all of the primal urges of a person, such as rage, sex, or violence, and these drives are projected onto the ego, which is the source of rational thought. Hence, many of our conscious thoughts are affected by these urges. Since in a civilized society, many of these compulsions, such as the tendency towards violence and casual mating, are unacceptable, a mechanism is needed to keep these thoughts in check. The superego serves this function by restraining the ego, and it accomplishes this by reversing these primal drives back onto the ego itself.    Freud suggests that this causes unhappiness in humans, because these animalistic tendencies, since they are not causing destruction in the external world, now cause destruction to the human psyche. This leads to conflict within the self and unhappiness among humans. In extreme cases this leads to psychological diseases such as hysteria.    The two main urges in humans are those of Eros and Death, and these two forces oppose each other as a struggle "between the instinct of life and the instinct of destruction". It is apparent very early on as shown in the famous Oedipal Complex developed by Freud, where the male infant focuses his Eros drive upon his mother, and his Death drive upon the father figure. This leads to the classic Oedipal triangle where the son kills his father and marries his mother, as it occurred originally in Sophocles' play Oedipus the King.    Here, Freud takes a distinctly modern view of an age-old problem of why humans are unh... ...ace College Publishers, 1999.    Ehrenberg, Victor. â€Å"Sophoclean Rulers: Oedipus.† In Twentieth Century Interpretations of Oedipus Rex, edited by Michael J. O’Brien. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968.    Fagles, Robert. "Introduction to Oedipus the King." In Sophocles' The Three Theban Plays: Antigone, Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus. Trans. Robert Fagles. NY: Penguin, 1984. 131-53.    Sigmund Freud, "Oedipus Rex." The Interpretation of Dreams. Qtd. In Sophocles: A Collection of Critical Essays, ed. Thomas Woodard (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice, 1966) 101-104. Sophocles. The Three Theban Plays: Antigone, Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus. Trans. Robert Fagles. NY: Penguin, 1984. 157-25 Van Nortwick, Thomas.   Oedipus: The Meaning of a Masculine Life. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998.   

Cecilia Penifader: an Ordinary Peasant in Medieval Times Essay

Cecilia Penifader lived on the English manor of Brigstock in the early fourteenth century. She was not a princess nor was she of noble blood. She was, in fact, a peasant. While many people today would consider her poor and lowly just because of that title, she was actually rather successful in life and was one of the wealthier peasants of her time. Cecilia did not leave behind any personal writings, as most medieval peasants were illiterate, but her life has since been pieced together through the use of the archives of Brigstock. These archives reveal many aspects of Cecilia’s life. They tell us that she functioned as the head of a household, that she faced gender bias because she was only a woman, and that she led a family-oriented lifestyle. Cecilia went through life as a singlewoman, the term used by medieval peoples to describe women who never got married (Bennett 143). Because she never married, she was considered to be the head of her own household. She held many of the same rights that men had as heads of their households. She certainly had more freedom than her married sisters; a wife was completely dependent on her husband, who functioned as the head of the household (Bennett 115). As the head of her household, Cecilia could hold the title of an independent tenant of the manor. She was able to accumulate several acres of land throughout her lifetime, and she could buy and sell it as she pleased. By the time of her death, she had acquired an extensive amount of land and other possessions. Cecilia also had the ability to manage her household as she saw fit. This meant that it was necessary for her to organize her household and lands effectively in order to survive a less than favorable economy, especially during the periods of the Great Famine and the Black Death. Though Cecilia lacked a family to provide supportive labor to the household, she could usually manage her lands on her own because she chose to devote her land to the less labor-intensive practice of animal husbandry. If she did hire workers, it was probably only at certain times in the year so she could have help with plowing her property, cutting hay from her meadows, and harvesting her food (Bennett 98). To help ease labor demands of her household, Cecilia also bought goods from others in the commodity market. In this market, people could purchase almost anything that they were in need of (Bennett 94). Through what Bennett calls an â€Å"economy of makeshifts,† Cecilia was able to function effectively and make a suitable living for herself, without a husband. Despite Cecilia’s success as an independent head of the household, she still did not receive the same treatment in her community as men did. For example, when males turned twelve, they entered groups called tithings. These groups contained ten or more men who were responsible for making sure they all obeyed the laws, and if someone did not follow the laws, the other members of the group were responsible for making sure that the law-breaker showed up in court (Bennett 144). Cecilia could not be a part of these groups because of her gender. While few peasants ever learned to read or write, those that did were men. Cecilia would not have been given the opportunity that her brothers may have. Men also earned better wages than women did (Bennett 117). As a woman, Cecilia was unable to hold office or pledge in court, meaning that she could not stand in court to affirm that someone would do what he or she claimed. While this may not seem major, it actually prevented Cecilia from creating important networks throughout her community, and even from possibly accumulating income (Bennett 120). Cecilia may have been an independent woman in her community, but she still had close ties to her family throughout her entire life. When she was young, she obviously relied on her family, primarily her parents, to raise her and teach her important life skills. After her parents’ deaths, Cecilia often bought land that was next to those of her brothers or were near lands that they bought. With properties near each other, the Penifaders could help each other work on their lands (Bennett 80). Family was also important in court for Cecilia as well. Every time she did business in court, she needed a man to be a pledge and back her promise that she would pay the amount that she needed to pay. When she went to court on these occasions, she relied on her brothers or men that her brothers knew well to pledge for her (Bennett 81). In June of 1336, Cecilia and her brother Robert combined their resources and their households. Neither of them was married and they were both in the last few years of their lives. In combining their possessions, they supported each other and entrusted each other with their possessions when one of them died (Bennett 82). Before Cecilia died, she attempted to give some of her relatives who would not have originally had a part in her inheritance a twenty-four year lease on her lands. She chose to give her lands to those relatives whom she liked best. Although her wishes were not considered legitimate because she was not able to fulfill all the requirements to make the lease legally binding, this shows that she was trying to provide for her family and ensure that they would be cared for in the future (Bennett 85). Cecilia Penifader was certainly a prosperous peasant in fourteenth century European society. She successfully functioned as the head of her own household despite the many disadvantages of being a woman, and family was a major part of her life. While studying the history of someone like Cecilia Penifader may be interesting, studying the histories of exceptional male figures like kings, knights, and clergy reveal more about certain time periods than the histories of ordinary people. This is because the lives of ordinary people like Cecilia can often be generalized since there are so many people that live lives similar to one another. Exceptional people, on the other hand, are often persons who have exhibited qualities that are highly esteemed by people in that period or severely looked down upon. These cases may not be representative of society as a whole, but the fact that those stories are passed down over others reveals the values and general workings of the societies they came from .

The Soundtrack to my life

Music is a love of mine; I can say that I cannot really go through a day without listening to some music. Through Primary school I rarely listened to any music. The most my musical genre would step to would be that of steps, blue and s-club 7, some of the cheesiest pop music you will ever here. These days the main music I like is that of Rock, my music taste ranges that from pop bands like McFly to heavy metal such as Slipknot. So I would say I have a diverse music range. I can't really stand hip hop or rap, some can be alright, but most is the same repeated beat with someone talking on top of it. I only really started getting really into music at the end of Year 7, as this is when I got my first MP3 player. Most of the music I really like reminds me of memories in the summer as this is my favourite time of year, meaning most happy memories that are related with music are in the summer. One of the main songs that every time I hear, really reminds me of the past is, Good Charlotte's chronicles of life and death. This song is up their with my favourite songs of all time as it delivers a real poignant message and the lyrics really mean something, while in today's music, the lyrics are poorly written to get a one hit wonder. As I hear this song and as soon as it starts with the opening lyrics, ‘You come in cold, you're covered in blood'. I am always taking back to the summer of 2005 as this song played a huge part in my life that summer. Good Charlotte's Album ‘The Chronicles of Life and Death' came out in October 2004, but I didn't get it to the time just before I went away, so this album really was a part of my holiday. I will always remember around May 2005 I first heard good charlotte's ‘Chronicles of Life and Death' single on the radio. The moment I first heard this song, my ears were transported to music heaven and I was obsessed with this song then and I still love it now. The memory that I can really visualize when I hear this song is lying down in the long grass, with the sun blazing down, but not too strong so it is uncomfortable and listening to my MP3. A song that I not necessarily can relate to, but a song that when I hear it just makes my day brighter is Bowling for Soups – High School Never Ends. I believe that this song really describes my present as I only really got into the song a few months back. If you listen to any of Bowling for Soups music I can safely say you will be amazed at how happy you can feel just from a piece of music, where the cheesy lyrics and the pop power chords will really make your day better. Even if you are feeling so down and you listen to bowling for soup, you will be brought back up and your spirits will be lifted. Not many memories really come to mind when I listen to Bowling for Soups – High School Never Ends. The main memory I have of listening to this song is the long coach journey to Austria when we went on our skiing trip. I had my I pod and because Bowling for Soup's album was the newest thing I had put on it I listened to it on many times as we travelled down. On the coach I will always remember how it was around 3:00 AM in the morning, but I couldn't sleep because I felt so dirty and smelly from being on the coach for around twelve hours so I just picked up my I pod, and watched the music video of High School Never Ends. I even when I felt very dirty, smelly and tired, Bowling for Soup managed to bring me out of my misery and put me in the world of happiness that they bring. The song ‘The New Transmission' by Lost Prophets, is one song that when I listen to really reminds me of the times I have been to Wales. The main reason for this is that Lost Prophets are a welsh band, but I only really started liking them last year when I went too Wales with a friend of mine. The main thing I enjoy about this piece of music is the main riff that holds the song together on guitar. I enjoy this riff as its simple but sound great and I think that lost prophets use it very well in that song. Also at the start of the song the first three lines are: Take, take, take all my time, all my company Take everything from me Fake, fake, fake all these things that you say to me Nothing that I want to believe These lyrics just make me feel warm inside, but not because of the way they are spoken it is the way they are said by Ian Watkins (Lead Singer). I think that the words are really catchy and will be stuck in your head all day making you sing them over and over again. When I hear this song it brings me back to the summer of 2006 in which I spent nearly four weeks in Wales. The main memory I have of this song is the warm sun striking down on out backs, the beautiful sea sparkling in the sunlight like a glittering diamond as me and my friend were skating along the promenade while listening to are MP3 players. I had sort of gone of skateboarding and didn't really enjoy it (mainly because I was very good at it!), but this one time I really enjoyed it as we sped along really fast and it seemed that we had to put almost no effort to move along because the walkway way was very smooth. This song makes me feel happy when I hear it as it reminds me of the summer in 2006 which I enjoyed very much. A song that I think sums up my future is Teenagers' by ‘My Chemical Romance'. I believe this is because this song really gives me an image of what my future years of being a teenager are going to be like. The chorus is: They said all teenagers scare The living shit out of me They could care less As long as someone'll bleed So darken your clothes Or strike a violent pose Maybe they'll leave you alone, but not me When I listen to this song I get the image of how mainly mine, and lots others, teenager years are going to be like. As this song makes you think of teenagers and what they do, so it gives me a vision of the future. Also the fantastic blues riff used all throughout the song really makes this song very catchy. The main image I get when I listen to this song is teenagers basically getting told off and trying to be put under control. I get this from the opening verse: They're gonna clean up your looks With all the lies in the books To make a citizen out of you Because they sleep with a gun And keep an eye on your son So they can watch all the things you do This describes teenagers being kept under control, by saying that they keeping an eye on teenagers. But when you get to the chorus it shows that the teenagers rebel, we know this from the line: So darken your clothes Or strike a violent pose This is how the present is for most teenagers and how it will continue into the future, with adults trying to keep teenagers under control, but with them always rebelling and striking back at adults. This song is very easy to listen to and I believe that what makes it so easy to listen to is that the words are pronounced very clearly, and the song paints many pictures in your head as you listen to it. Music is my life and I have a lot of songs that I believe describe my life, so it has been hard picking and describing only these ones. I prefer rock when it comes to music, but will expand to other genres. I can't get though a day without listening to one piece of music; this makes music one of the main things in my life and is very important to me. Music reminds me of happy times, such as the summer, and because of this I love listening to music and it gives me many songs that I can put into the soundtrack to my life.

Constitutional Rights and the Bill of Rights essays

Constitutional Rights and the Bill of Rights essays A few of the most important ideas the United States was founded on are the rights to freedom and the pursuit of happiness. The Constitution and the Bill of Rights come into a significant role when it comes down to laying out the specifics and both guaranteeing and protecting our rights as citizens. The Bill of Rights serves as the framework for the United States and justifies exactly what the United States of America was founded on Freedom. These amendments stated in the Constitution assure us, the citizens, our rights, and liberties will be protected by and from the government. However, the rights that are given to us are not without restrictions. There are many different ways to apply the rights given to us in certain situations. The most common issue with many laws is: "How do I determine the limits of my rights?" I will be talking about the amendments and offer my opinion on them through the eyes of an 18-year-old. Among the most popular Amendments is the 1st amendment, granting citizens the right to freedom of speech and also includes the right to communicate information and ideas through speeches, are, radio, books, television, the internet, and other sources of mass media. The 1st amendment states that an individual has the right to be exposed to different points of views. On the other hand, like most laws and rights there are exceptions as well as limits. The 1st amendment is in fact limited in numerous ways. The exceptions to free speech include obscenity, defamation, commercial speech, and fighting words. The reasons for the limits are completely reasonable, for the simple reason that they all protect other individual's rights. For example, a way these limits protect and the individual is by limiting everyone's freedom to freely curse, harass, or verbally influence another person to retaliate, resulting in a possible fight. This refers to the limitations concerning "fighting words." Thi s limit states another citizen cannot...

Critical Review of Fichtenaus Charlemagne Essay Example

Critical Review of Fichtenaus Charlemagne Essay Example Critical Review of Fichtenaus Charlemagne Essay Critical Review of Fichtenaus Charlemagne Essay Critical Review of Fichtenau’s The Carolingian Empire: The Age of Charlemagne This is an analytical book review of Heinrich Fichtenau’s The Carolingian Empire: The Age of Charlemagne. It will cover the Fichtenau’s writing techniques and sources he used in developing this fascinating book. Thesis: To better understand the significance of Charles the Great, one must first comprehend the unfortunate features challenging Charles during the Carolingian period. This was a quality intention for Fichtenau because historians have struggled with the legend of Charlemagne. It is hard to distinguish his celebrity myths from the factual truth. Content: Fichtenau created an enchanting overview of the social, economic, political, and religious problems that faced Charles the Great. The author tried to remove the legendary side of Charles and reveal his human side. â€Å"No man’s stature is increased by the accumulation of myths, and nothing is detracted from genuine historical greatness by the consideration of a man’s purely human side† (Fichtenau, p. 25). He focuses not only on Charlemagne, but also on the human affairs confronting the people of the Carolingian Empire. Fichtenau also takes an in-depth look at the various classes of people within the empire. He examines the scholars of the empire and their effect on how Charlemagne is portrayed in their works. Although seen as propagandists, Fichtenau commends the scholars for their contributions (Ficthenau, p. 103). Also, he scrutinizes the large, growing gap between the rich and the poor of the empire. The ruling class became overwhelmed with a lust for power and wealth (Fichtenau, p. 112). The author additionally tackles the issue of Christianity in the kingdom. Charles basically forced his subjects into Christianity. This meant they supported Christianity, but not with sincerity (Fichtenau, p. 143). Fichtenau sees the time of peace in the Frankish kingdom as more of a mirage or lull period, as opposed to actual tranquility. He describes the era as successful in comparison to the later generations, but still full inequality (Fichtenau, p. 155). Charlemagne did however bring unity and order to the Frankish kingdom. His leadership and rule would factor into the future development of Europe. Sources: Fichtenau uses mainly primary but also a good share of secondary sources in this book. It was surprising he used any secondary sources because in the preface, the translator points out how great number of secondary sources about Charlemagne have conflicting views (Fichtenau, xi). Writers put their own interpretations within their works. Fichtenau’s repeated use of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica works is an example of his application of primary source material. These compiled manuscripts and other documents hold substantial historical value, which Ficthenau utilizes superbly. One example is when he refers the reader to a poem in the MGH about the blessing of a church. By using more primary sources, Fichtenau establishes more credibility with the reader. The sources are hard proof and not facts from a secondary source that we have no knowledge of. Deciphering the Fichtenau’s usage of secondary sources was hard because my book lists all the footnotes in German. However, I was able to tell that he did consult works by other authors. The citations included some sort of title, author, possibly a publisher, and also a page number. Based on the context, it appears that he only uses secondary sources when discussing broader or sometimes foreign topics. For example, he uses L. Thorndike’s, A History of Magic and Experimental Science when discussing astrology in the kingdom (Fichtenau, p. 151). The basis of Fichtenau’s work is derived mainly from primary sources. This produces a sense of trust and believability in his work. Methodology: As stated above, Fichtenau assembled almost all of his information from the MGH and historical script. The overall structure of The Carolingian Empire is fractured. Fichtenau introduces the empire and Charles the Great in the beginning. He then changes course and discusses the people of the empire. There is no real chronological feel to the writing. He does get back to Charlemagne’s story towards the end of book, but by that point any sense of a timeline of the empire or Charlemagne’s life is lost. Fichtenau puts his own personal inferences into his writing. For example, when covering the topic of how Charlemagne accumulated his wealth, Fichtenau describes his military expeditions as â€Å"wars of aggression. Also, he states that there was â€Å"military, political, and religious motives† behind Charlemagne’s work. There is no script or source to back these claims up and therefore appear to simply by the opinion of the author’s. In J. M. Wallace-Hadrill’s review of the book, he was upset that Peter Munz left out the chapter on the Carolingian Empire after Charlemagne’s death (Wallace-Hadrill). Th is would have changed the structure of the book and added to chronological story. Writing and Graphics: Graphic illustrations are lacking in The Carolingian Empire. The abbot’s house†¦burnt down and the abbot himself was killed by the flames in an attempt to salvage his property† (Ficthtenau, p. 152). This is a great example of a place where the author could have placed a few descriptive or emotional words to help paint a better picture. The only place I found satisfactory description was in the illustration of Charles’s physique. â€Å"†¦a thick, short-set neck, and a protruding paunch† (Fichtenau, p. 26). My favorite was his â€Å"large, vivacious eyes† (Fichtenau, p. 6). It is worth noting however that these were not Fichtenau’s words, but those of the biographer Einhard. It felt as if I was reading a history book as opposed to a novel. Not once was I drawn into any sort of story by Fichtenau’s writing technique. I think t he intended audience for this work was the college-educated public. There is some background information needed to understand the writing, and therefore a person of the general public would not be able to comprehend this work. Fichtenau’s comparison between the Byzantine Empire and the Frankish Empire would not communicate well to some one the general public who had no knowledge of the Byzantians. When Clovis is discussed in the introduction, I was able to understand the reference because I am college-educated and have learned about Clovis (Fichtenau, p. 2-3). The book is not at historian level for the exact same reasons. The conversation and language was not over my head. I was able to follow the author’s points and not get lost in complicated words or explanations. The Carolingian Empire is an appreciable introductory piece to Charlemagne and his empire. It is full of facts and historical references, but falls short when trying to portray the image of the kingdom graphically to the reader. Bibliography Fichtenau, Heinrich. The Carolingian Empire: The Age of Charlemagne. Trans. Peter Munz. Toronto: University of Toronto in Association with the Medieval Academy of America, 2000. Print. Wallace-Hadrill, J. M. Rev. of The Carolingian Empire by Heinrich Fichtenau. The English Historical Review 73 (1958): 342. JSTOR. Web. 3 Nov. 2010.

Sun Bear Facts (Helarctos malayanus)

Sun Bear Facts (Helarctos malayanus) The sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) is the smallest species of bear. It gets its common name for the white or golden bib on its chest, which is said to represent the rising sun. The animal is also known as the honey bear, reflecting its love of honey, or the dog bear, referring to its stocky build and short muzzle. Fast Facts: Sun Bear Scientific Name: Helarctos malayanusCommon Names: Sun bear, honey bear, dog bearBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 47-59 inchesWeight: 60-176 poundsLifespan: 30 yearsDiet: OmnivoreHabitat: Southeast Asia rainforestsPopulation: DecreasingConservation Status: Vulnerable Description The sun bear has short black fur with a pale crescent-shaped bib that may be white, cream, or golden. It has a short, buff-colored muzzle. The bear has small, round ears; an extremely long tongue; large canine teeth; and large, curved claws. The soles of its feet are hairless, which helps the bear climb trees. Adult male sun bears are 10% to 20% larger than females. Adults average between 47 and 59 inches long and weigh between 60 and 176 pounds. The sun bear has curved claws and an extremely long tongue. Freder / Getty Images Habitat and Distribution Sun bears live in the evergreen tropical rainforests of Southeast Asia. Their habitat includes northeastern India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, southern China, and some Indonesian islands. There are two subspecies of sun bear. The Bornean sun bear only lives on the island of Borneo. The Malayan sun bear occurs in Asia and on the island of Sumatra. Diet Sun bears, like other bears, are omnivores. They feed on bees, hives, honey, termites, ants, insect larvae, nuts, figs and other fruit, and sometimes flowers, plant shoots, and eggs. The bears strong jaws easily crack open nuts. Sun bears are hunted by humans, leopards, tigers, and pythons. Behavior Despite its name, the sun bear is largely nocturnal. It relies on its keen sense of smell to find food at night. The bears long claws help it climb and also tear open termite mounds and trees. The bear uses its extremely long tongue to lap up honey from bee hives. Male bears are more likely than females to be active during the day. Although relatively small, sun bears are known to be fierce and aggressive if disturbed. Because they live in the tropics, the bears are active year-round and do not hibernate. Reproduction and Offspring Sun bears reach sexual maturity around 3 to 4 years of age. They can mate at any time of the year. After a gestation period of 95 to 174 days, the females gives birth to one or two cubs (although twins are uncommon). Newborn cubs are blind and hairless and weigh between 9.9 and 11.5 ounces. Cubs are weaned after 18 months. In captivity, male and female bears socialize and jointly care for young. In other bear species the female raises her cubs on her own. The lifespan of highly reclusive wild sun bears is unknown, but captive bears live up to 30 years. Sun bear cubs are born blind and furless. Christian Aslund / Getty Images Conservation Status The IUCN classifies the sun bears conservation status as vulnerable. Bear populations are decreasing in size. The sun bear has been listed on CITES Appendix I since 1979. Threats While it is illegal to kill sun bears throughout their range, commercial hunting is among the species greatest threats. Sun bears are poached for their meat and gall bladders. Bear bile is used in traditional Chinese medicine and is also an ingredient in soft drinks, shampoo, and cough drops. Despite their temperament, sun bears are also illegally captured for the pet trade. The other significant threat to sun bear survival is habitat loss and fragmentation due to deforestation and human encroachment. Forest fires also affect sun bears, but they tend to recover providing there is a neighboring population. Sun bears are kept in captivity for their commercial value and for conservation. They are farmed for their gall bladders in Vietnam, Laos, and Myanmar. Since 1994, the species has been part of a captive-breeding program with the Association of Zoos and Aquariums and the European breed registry. The Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre in Sandakan, Malaysia rehabilitates sun bears and works toward their conservation. Sources Brown, G. Great Bear Almanac. 1996. ISBN:978-1-55821-474-3.Foley, K. E., Stengel, C. J. and Shepherd, C. R. Pills, Powders, Vials and Flakes: The Bear Bile Trade in Asia. Traffic Southeast Asia, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia, 2011.Scotson, L., Fredriksson, G., Augeri, D., Cheah, C., Ngoprasert, D. Wai-Ming, W. Helarctos malayanus (errata version published in 2018). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T9760A123798233. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T9760A45033547.enServheen, C.; Salter, R. E. Chapter 11: Sun Bear Conservation Action Plan. In Servheen, C.; Herrero, S.; Peyton, B. (eds.). Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland: International Union for Conservation of Nature. pp. 219–224, 1999.Wong, S. T.; Servheen, C. W.; Ambu, L. Home range, movement and activity patterns, and bedding sites of Malayan sun bears Helarctos malayanus in the Rainforest of Borneo. Biological Conservation. 119 (2): 169–181, 2004. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2003.10. 029

Human Variation in Skin Colour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human Variation in Skin Colour - Essay Example One of the reasons why the globe has been facing slow economic growth is as a result of racial discrimination or social exclusion on human capital formation and economic contribution. Skin color has been one of the major obstacles on human capital contribution. The discriminated population having no access to education, economic and political opportunities has largely contributed to their limitation to acquire capacity to develop human capital hence lowering the economic values. Persons across the world should stem racial discrimination based on skin color and inject their time to develop human knowledge and skills that will contribute to economic growth and development. Across the globe schools and institutions face racial discrimination; having standardized testing for instance, has largely contributed to discrimination based on skin color, it being the assessments in a learning institution, it highly favors students from a specific social cultural background, while those students from racial minorities groups score poorly. In addition, the minority groups of students are educated in a low-income society where they cannot afford to purchases books as those schools that are set in middle or high-income areas. As a result of discrimination, the schools are forced to use old text books which further aggravate the extant of socio-economic differential established with skin color racial institutional discrimination. Structural racism also accentuate most institutional provisions that are identified as exceptional to certain group of people who form the majority of the people in the regions, such as the absence of labour unions or weak voices of the labour unions and disorganized... This paper aims to focus on skin color variation and racial discrimination based on economic, institutional and power. Species differ in the degree of their variability; it is believed that the degree of variation is higher in human beings than other species. Skin pigmentation is determined by the presence of melanin in human being skinned, and the color of the skin ranges from black to white. It is not completely certain that evolutions contributes to skin variation, however, the variation of the natural skin color can be determined by genetic processes. According to scientists, the Sub-Saharan Africans have the highest skin color diversity, whereby, their values of skin reflectance range from19 to 46, while the values of Europeans are range within 62 to 69 and the East Asians range from 58 to 59. Schools and institutions face racial discrimination, having standardized testing for instance, has largely contributed to discrimination based on skin color, because it highly favors stude nts from a specific social cultural background, while students from minorities groups score poorly. In conclusion, the question of human pigmentation is one of supreme relevance and one that holds the key to answering fundamental questions about our existence and may hold the key to generating a cure for various human ailments. And with the advent of new technology, scientists are delving deeper into the mystery. With this is the erosion of various racial stereotypes and ingrained social assumptions as what can be categorized as beautiful.

Personal Mission Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal Mission - Essay Example ds) Exceptional Needs Standards firstly, then it moves towards the understanding of the special educator, after it, it informs about how can the NBPTS Exceptional Needs Standards be applied for teaching students with disabilities, then there is an assessment of knowledge and skills needed to be an effective special educator and in the end, the topic is concluded. NBPTS (National Board for Professional Teaching Standards) Exceptional Needs Standards is a certification for the teachers who teach students with special needs. The age criterion that is applied for exceptional students is twenty one and more than twenty one years of age (National Board for Professional Teaching Standards, 2006). The teacher willing to get this certification must be able to identify the needs of students in terms of communication because communication is required to get information, to apply information and to understand information. The NBPTS Exceptional Needs Standards require the teachers to be sincere to their teaching job and that they have full interest in enabling the students to learn. NBPTS Exceptional Needs Standards are a set of principles, which the interested candidates should be aware of before applying for it (Bond, et. al, 2000). The principles are related to the teaching attitude and interest of teachers and also about the devotion of teachers towards the students with exceptional needs. These standards make sure that the teachers that are certified according to these standards are able to let the students with special needs to learn to a great extent. The teachers are assessed according to their knowledge concerning relative subjects for the students with special needs. The teachers must be able to generate a positive correspondence between them and the students. The teachers should not keep any kind of prejudice or bias with the students, they must be fair to all. The teachers should have all the legal knowledge required for special education. According to these

Views of Cultural Ecologists on Religion and Magic Research Paper

Views of Cultural Ecologists on Religion and Magic - Research Paper Example The history of religions tends to adopt an evolutionary view where it appears that the horizon of religion developed from the earth to heavens. The evolutionary approach mainly supported by cultural ecologists tends to support the connection between religion and ecology. Cultural ecologists focus on discovering the similarities and differences of different cultures with the interest of understanding why people live the way they do and why certain things are unique to some cultures. Ecologists present different views on religion with a particular consistent disagreement with the thinking of outsiders that the more isolated tribe style cultures believe in magic. This paper shows how cultural ecologists view religion and magic, how they relate, as well as why some cultures might believe in one, or both. According to Debnath (2003), the oldest layer of religion, under headings, such as natural religion, hunting magic and agrarian religion, is intimately linked to the relationship between humans and nature. One of the renowned cultural ecologists, Marvin Harris takes pleasure in finding concrete ecological pragmatism everywhere in the history of religion, from Aztec human sacrifice to the Hindu veneration of the cows. The ritual engagement with nature, whether in hunting magic or agricultural fertility rites, often contains an element of magic and thus the attempt to gain power nature. Cultural ecologists view magic as an attempt to gain power over nature, a concept that greatly differs from the religious views where nature appears to influence the way things are and they are not. From an ecological perspective, magic remains an old dream of humankind which has been partially fulfilled in the modern error (Olson, 2010). Religion and magic are viewed as cognitively instrumental, where they provide an explanation of the world in terms of superhuman agency to believers and by extension a religious or magical technique by which they can exert significant control over th eir surroundings. A distinctive difference between religion and magic revolves around the concept of reason and faith in which the reason belongs to the latter while faith and rituals belong to religion (Debnath, 2003). Reasons Why Some Cultures Accept either Religion or Magic or Both Cultural ecologists assert that good or evil fortune follows from one’s choices of habitation. For example, Feng-shui is recognized to have a strong magical or religious component, in which it was believed that cutting down the Feng-shui grove often translates into a disaster to town, and the more old the trees were found the more good luck it conferred to the town residents (Sutton & Anderson, 2009). The magical component associated with the tree is widely accepted in south China, serving to persuade millions of peasants to sacrifice personal gains for the long-term community benefit. This example explains the connection between magic and environment and its role in the conservation of the ecos ystems. The Chinese community widely accepts the concept of magic than any other part of the world owing to its close association to their environment and the perceived benefits in believing in certain magic components in the ecosystem. In many case, religion is widely accepted due to its detachment from the individual figure compared to magic which focuses on the capabilities of the person performing the magic. In addition, the concept of realism and the basis fiction that surround magic further

HUMAN RIGHTS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

HUMAN RIGHTS - Essay Example What are Human Rights? Human Rights can broadly be defined as a set of various international norms that have been designed to help in the protection of all people all over the world from any form of severe social, legal and political abuses. Common examples of human rights generally include the right of an individual not to face any torture, the right to have freedom of religion as well as the undeniable right for one to have affair trial in the event that they happen to be charged with a crime (Orend 2002). The main sources of the current versions of human rights include the International Bill of Rights which emerged as the United Nations, 1948b Universal Declaration of Human Rights and various treaties and human rights documents (Mcneill, St. Clair and St. Clair 2009). Various human rights treaties such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) have resorted to creating various treaty bodies to help them effectively monitor the implementation and compliance of these treat ies (Orend 2002). How and why did Human Rights Enter the International Political Process since WWII? After the horrors that were witnessed during the Second World War, there was a broad consensus that emerged at the international level that was keen in demanding that the individual human being should essentially be placed under the protection of the international community. The atrocities that had been committed against certain specific ethic groups as a result of anarchy had shown that it was possible for national governments to gravely fail to protect their citizen’s liberty and lives. As such, since it had been established that the provision of protective mechanisms at the domestic level alone was not enough to provide enough sufficiently stable safeguards, it was thus necessary to entrust the planned new world organization with the role of guaranteeing the enforcement of human rights on a universal scale. Some Latin American countries requested that a full code of human r ights be included in the United Nations Charter at the 1945 San Francisco conference so as to promote the Universalism of these rights. Due to various time constraints it was not possible for the motion to successful at that stage. The commission on Human Rights created a draft of the International Bill of Rights and drafted the Universal Declaration of Human rights, which was adopted by the General Assembly on December 10th, 1948. This Declaration of Human Rights and two UN international treaties are what are collectively commonly referred to as the International Bill of Human Rights (Mcneill, St. Clair and St. Clair 2009). What has Changed about the Character of International Relations since WWII Since the end of the Second World War, there have been rampant changes in the nature and content of international relations. Some of these changes include the fact that the politico-geographic setting of the world has undergone major changes. This factor has been further emphasized by dec olonization that lead to the materialization of an enlarged number of new Sovereign nations that seek to assert themselves in the international community of nations (Fry 2002). After the Second World War, the number of nations that where members of the U.N. was seen to increase from 51

PUBLIC LAW Master Essay Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analysis of 8 to 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights - Research Paper Example In doing so, it reifies the level of the protection of the individual's rights. Meanwhile, even though state parties can file cases against other states, this rarely happens. The Convention takes into consideration numerous human rights. This paper shall discuss the rights safeguarded by Articles 8, 9, 10 and 11 of the Convention. These are, respectively, the right to respect of private life, the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion, the right to freedom of expression, right to freedom of assembly and association. Salient to this paper's discussion would be the extent of the state's ability to control or interfere in the aforementioned rights, as provided by the Convention. Each of the three articles will be stated, and then discuss in detail. 2. There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. This article evidently protects the right of the individual against unlawful searches, against constant surveillance, as in phone taps, or going through electronic mails and physical letters. The first provision clearly asserts that an individual, his family, and his friends should not be monitored. But the second provision provides conditions that are very vague. In a sense they could account for a lot of things, depending on the situation and circumstances. For example, "in the interest of national security" pertains clearly to individuals and groups that may be considered threats to the state. But this can encompass a multitude of people. There might be cases of people being judged in a bad light on the basis of their ideological and political leanings, without them actually being actual threats to the state. Even the term "state" can take on a myriad of interpretations, depending on who's speaking, and for what reason. Protecting the interests of the "state" can mean preserving the present regime. In a sense, these political terms can be used to the disadvantage of individuals in question. Â  

HUMAN RIGHTS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

HUMAN RIGHTS - Essay Example What are Human Rights? Human Rights can broadly be defined as a set of various international norms that have been designed to help in the protection of all people all over the world from any form of severe social, legal and political abuses. Common examples of human rights generally include the right of an individual not to face any torture, the right to have freedom of religion as well as the undeniable right for one to have affair trial in the event that they happen to be charged with a crime (Orend 2002). The main sources of the current versions of human rights include the International Bill of Rights which emerged as the United Nations, 1948b Universal Declaration of Human Rights and various treaties and human rights documents (Mcneill, St. Clair and St. Clair 2009). Various human rights treaties such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) have resorted to creating various treaty bodies to help them effectively monitor the implementation and compliance of these treat ies (Orend 2002). How and why did Human Rights Enter the International Political Process since WWII? After the horrors that were witnessed during the Second World War, there was a broad consensus that emerged at the international level that was keen in demanding that the individual human being should essentially be placed under the protection of the international community. The atrocities that had been committed against certain specific ethic groups as a result of anarchy had shown that it was possible for national governments to gravely fail to protect their citizen’s liberty and lives. As such, since it had been established that the provision of protective mechanisms at the domestic level alone was not enough to provide enough sufficiently stable safeguards, it was thus necessary to entrust the planned new world organization with the role of guaranteeing the enforcement of human rights on a universal scale. Some Latin American countries requested that a full code of human r ights be included in the United Nations Charter at the 1945 San Francisco conference so as to promote the Universalism of these rights. Due to various time constraints it was not possible for the motion to successful at that stage. The commission on Human Rights created a draft of the International Bill of Rights and drafted the Universal Declaration of Human rights, which was adopted by the General Assembly on December 10th, 1948. This Declaration of Human Rights and two UN international treaties are what are collectively commonly referred to as the International Bill of Human Rights (Mcneill, St. Clair and St. Clair 2009). What has Changed about the Character of International Relations since WWII Since the end of the Second World War, there have been rampant changes in the nature and content of international relations. Some of these changes include the fact that the politico-geographic setting of the world has undergone major changes. This factor has been further emphasized by dec olonization that lead to the materialization of an enlarged number of new Sovereign nations that seek to assert themselves in the international community of nations (Fry 2002). After the Second World War, the number of nations that where members of the U.N. was seen to increase from 51

IP 4 English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IP 4 English - Essay Example The defenders of Smartphones claim that with the implication of Smartphones in schools, students can stay updated with the current research, they can be could at life management and quick in responding to tasks. The aim of this expository paper is to discuss the subject of Smartphone and its usage from different perspective to understand its effectiveness as a technological advancement. Critics claim that Smartphones can damage the thought process of humans because it can give access to unimportant facts as well. However, on the other hand, it is claimed by the defenders that Smartphones have allowed humans to stay active regarding things around them. In the present world, where billions of facts and figures are exchanged in a single day, it is imperative for everyone to stay aware of the viral information. Students, being the most active learners, can get a lot of benefits by using Smartphones to gain information (Wankel & Blessinger, 2013, p. 50). It is considered that there are roughly 3000 productivity mobile phone applications that are currently being downloaded and used by mobile phone users every day. These phone applications are used by phone users to mark important appointments, tasks, reminders etc. This allows them to stay aware of their responsibilities. At the same time, critics claim that this will make students to rely on Smartphones a lot and not their intelligence. Defenders provide supporting claim that time tables are reasonably used to mark such reminders and tasks already. Smart phones have rather allowed them to stay active more than ever (Wankel & Blessinger, 2013, p. 55). Critics claim that in order to make a person to be active in meeting deadlines and completing tasks, Smartphones are not needed. Such an assertion is presented because defenders claim that students can stay connected to

High School Forever Essay Example for Free

High School Forever Essay After reading this article I thought to myself that this is exactly what high school sounds like it is just a social combat, some people are already on the top and do not have to try and others try to climb to the top but never make and some just stay on the bottom they do not even make an effort to climb. I know that in adolescence us teenager try to find out who we really are and to be able to define ourselves and according to the article high school is one of the hardest places to do that in. But I think that even though people experience social fear because they are sensitive towards what other people think and have the least amount of control I think that high school is beneficial because it prepares you if what is ahead. Because in life you will encounter these things so it is better to have experienced it before hand but the difference between life and high school is that in high school it is really easy to be judged and labeled where as in real life you do not really fear what others think because after high school you find who you really are, you bloom, and you become more confident in yourself and stand for what you truly believe in. So I think that even though high school can be hell sometimes it really prepares us for what is ahead, because life is not fair and we have to learn that the hard way. Well after reading the article I thought Holden Caulfield was like Kenji in the article; even though Kenji was not very popular in high school he became a very successful and became a very attractive person after high school. I think that, that will be the case with Holden because he does not really fit in anywhere. I think that he will grow out of his â€Å"not fitting in† phase and find who he really is and what matters most in his life. But I also think that he will still be judgmental and think everyone is a phony. I also think that he will realize that growing up and becoming an adult is not as scary as he presumes it may be. I think that it will take him a while after graduating high school, if he does not get kicked out of any more schools and he gets into another school. But when he does I think he will realize that maturing and being responsible is not hard. I think Caulfield is really confused when it comes to life because he does not have any grown up to really tell him what it is like to grow up, so I think that impacts his behavior towards people. I think that even though you are not the most popular and you may not have many friends in high school, it may not matter because if you know why you are there, to learn and become successful in your life, then it all works out in your favor in the end, but it is nice to have friends to not a lot just maybe a couple.

Taylors and Fayols Principles of Management

Taylors and Fayols Principles of Management Question A In 1909, Taylor introduced The Principles of Scientific Management. In this theory, he proposed that by optimizing and simplifying jobs, productivity would increase. Taylor also believe that all workers were motivated by wages, so he published the idea of fair payment with a fair work. In other words, if a worker didnt complete their task, he didnt deserve to be paid as much as another worker who was highly productive. Taylor is a mechanical engineer, he tried to improve industrial efficiency. Taylor is considered as the father of scientific management, he was the first well-known management consultant and director of the company. This theory is just a slight way, because it applies only to the factory. Majority of this theory is on between workers and machines. Taylors scientific management consisted of four principles: First â€Å"They developed a science for each element of a persons work, the rule of thumb is to replace the old way.† This principle tell us that the manager needs to simple habit and general knowledge, and instead use the scientific approach to study work and determine the most efficient way to complete specific tasks. Second  Ã¢â‚¬  They scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop workers, while in the past, he chose his own work and training the best he can.† We can understand this theory as not simply random work is assigned to employees, based on matching workers skills and enthusiasm for work, and develop their work at maximum efficiency. Thirdly they heartily cooperate with the men so as to ensure all of the work being done in accordance with the principles of the science which has been developed. This principle shows that the manager needs to supervise staff performance, and provide direction and oversight to ensure that the most effective way to use on their work. Fourth. â€Å"There is a work of almost equal division of responsibilities between management and workers. Management to take over all the work, they are better fit than the workers, and in the past, almost all of the work and responsibility, most men were thrown out by the.† Assignments between management and workers, the manger spend time planning and training, make sure that employees re able to perform their complete their duties with their maximum effectively. Initially, the cause of science and technology project management is used. This is due to the fact that, Taylor, its inventor, is concerned that these industries. But then operate the technology attracted the attention of other businesses as well. Principles of scientific management can be applied to all types of organizations, including both men and materials to carry out effective management. Scientific management techniques can be used by all economic and social organizations can effectively use. We can conclude that the scope of scientific management is very wide and that is why Taylor himself emphasised that â€Å"the same principle can be applied with equal force to all social activities to the management of our homes; the management of the business of our tradesmen, large and small, of our churches, of our philanthropic institutions, our Universities and our Governmental departments.† Under the Taylor’s theory, it has both advantage and disadvantage. The advantages of this theory is that the conditions of management are clearly defined, cause of the managers job become more easier. Secondly this theory will improve the efficiency of the employees. On the other hand, Taylor’s theory also have disadvantage which are this theory is comparing the performance with each other, it will lead to discontented. Secondly this theory without considering the needs and requirements of the employees, to treat them as machines. Question B Henri Fayol was born in Istanbul in 1841 when he was 19 years old, he started as an engineer at a major mining company in France. He eventually became a director, but this time the mining company employs over 1000 people in the time. Over the years, he began to develop Fayol considered the 14 most important principle management. Essentially, it explains how managers should organize and interact with staff. Fayol was developed 14 principles of management in order to help managers manage their affairs more effectively. Today, these principles are still use but are often interpreted differently. These fourteen principles include: Division of work- when employees are more professional, output can be increased caused by their increasingly skilled and high efficiency. Delegation of Authority- Managers must have the right to give orders, but they also must keep in mind, and authority from responsibility. Discipline- Discipline must adhere to the organization, but the situation may different. Chain of commands- Employees should have one and only one direct supervisor but one manager may have many employers. Congenial workplace- Team has the same target should work under the guidance of a manager by planning. This will ensure proper coordination of movement. Interrelation between individual interests and common organizational goals- A benefit of employees should not be allowed to become more important than the group, includes the management staff. Compensation package- Employee satisfaction depends on everyone equitable remuneration. This includes financial and non-financial compensation. Centralization- This principle refers to the closeness of the staff of the decision making process. Its goal is to provide an appropriate balance is very important. Scalar chains- employees should know that their standing levels of the organization, or the command Order- Workplace and facilities must be keep cleaning, tidy and safe employees. Everything should have its own position. Equity- Managers should be fair to staff at all times, both maintaining discipline as necessary and acting with kindness where appropriate. Job Guarantee- managers should strive to reduce staff turnover. Talent planning should be a priority. Initiatives- Employees should be given the necessary level of freedom, establishment and implementation plans. Team-Spirit- Organizations should strive to promote team spirit and solidarity. In additional, Fayol also has six primary functions of management, which go hand in hand with the Principles, which are Forecasting. Planning, Organizing, Commanding, Coordinating, And Controlling. Fayor is the father of management principles, because he set up the principle of modern management. It has a macro point of view, focusing on management, applicable to the basic principles of management in various fields. The Fayol’s philosophy has advantages. First, in addition to workers division of work, work should be divided, so that workers specializing in a particular job, but also improve the work efficiency. Secondly, there should be a balance of power and responsibilities between management and workers. In addition, he stressed that all staff fairness, kindness and justice organizations. By the action, it promotes a friendly atmosphere between superiors and subordinates. Material is disposed of ideas that he came all should be properly placed, and where everything should be. Loyalty and dedication to the members of solidarity organizations. If employees are loyal, dedicated their time to improve the organizations management also will be looking for afters so their employees welfare and well-being. However, there are some shortcomings in Fayol theory. The drawback is that he is divided into six categories are divided into five business activities and management functions and implement these features into fourteen principles. Another is that when it comes to equity, where workers receive fair and kind to work has become a regular. It also did not pay enough attention to workers. Managers ordered material without consulting staff responsible for this work. Without proper consultation is doing. Some theorists call this inconsistency, very open policy, lack of organization to use. Question C Both of two person have contributed to the development of management science. In these two pioneers in the field of management science contributions were reviewed for Taylor and Fayol manage theory job, of course, especially complementary. They have achieved a key staff and management at all levels of the problem is personal success, whether it is the application of scientific methods to this problem, Taylors work is mainly from the operational level, from the bottom up, while Fayol focused on the general manager and work down, but they are very different careers, a kind of expression. They are different from each other in the following aspects: Taylor looked at the management, from a regulatory point of view and trying to improve the management level of efficiency. He developed the theory of moving upwards. On the other hand, Fayol senior management level down analysis and management. Therefore, Fayol can afford a wider field of vision than Taylor. Taylor said his concept of scient ific management, while Fayol describes his method is the general theory of management. Taylors main purpose to improve labor productivity and eliminate all types of waste through standardization work and tools. Fayol trying to develop a general theory of management, and stressed the need for teaching management theory. Taylor to focus on the fact that the attention of management and his principles are applicable to the workshop. But Fayol general principles of centralized management and administration wheel can also apply at all. Similar both emphasize mutual cooperation between employment and employees. Areas of human activity Fayol theory compare to Taylor’s theory more widely used, but Taylors concept has undergone great changes in the impact of modern development, but the principles of management Fayol withstood the test of time and still be accepted as management theory core. According to psychologists, Taylors research has the following disadvantages: Ignore the human factor think they are machines. Ignoring the demands of humanity, hopes and aspirations. Separation of planning and doing. Dissatisfaction compare performance with others. Not the best way to solve the problem of scientific management is not an optimal way. REFERENCES http://www.ukessays.com/essays/commerce/important-elements-of-taylors-philosophy-commerce-essay.php http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/scientific-management/scientific-management-nature-and-scope-of-scientific-management-explained/25839/ http://www.studymode.com/subjects/contribution-of-henri-fayol-to-management-theory-and-philosophy-page1.html http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/henri-fayol.htm

Essays --

A.Plan of Investigation This study will seek to answer the question â€Å"How did the Treaty of Versailles during WW1 contribute to further conflict in the middle east?† I chose this topic because since my dad is in the air force he deals with the Middle East on multiple occasions. I thought it would be interesting to study this to see what could have been the cause of the crisis we see today. We could learn ways to handle the Middle East better by basing plans off what we know from WW1. In order to answer this question I have used the following methods of researching in peace settlement books and novels that talk specifically about the treaty of Versailles effect during WW1. I also did some research on some online articles. In order to study this topic I used the following sources; A Piece to End All Piece written by David Fromkin, and Kingmakers, The invention of the Modern Middle East written by Karl E. Meyer and Shareen Blair Brysac. B. Summary of Evidence The treaty of Versailles was singed on June 28, 1919 . The main terms of this treaty were, Germany had to accept the Blame for starting the war, Germany had to pay  £6,600 million for the damage done during the war called reparations, Germany was forbidden to have submarines or an air force, her navy could only have six battle ships and an Army of just 100,000 men, and Germany was not allowed to place any troops in the Rhineland . Britain and France acquired Germany’s colonies. The conflicts in the Middle East started around the year 1914, the same year as World War 1 . World War 1 was always referred too as "the war to end all wars." The Treaty of Versailles decreased all power in the Middle East because the defeat of the Central Powers including Turkey which w... ... do not have much control over themselves anymore. The property loss and the displacement of their people was such a significant number that the mixing of people, and lack of populations created conflicts between the Middle Eastern countries . Tribes that were made in these territories started to fight over power and ruling of the land, and other conflicts arose from those. Such conflicts are still seen today relating to ideas like these. When the Treaty of Versailles was made, its points were not directed for the Middle East, but were for Germany . The idea that it would have such an effect on the Middle East, and would cause such conflict was not foreseen since it is considered to be such a small and a non-powerful area. But nevertheless, the Treaty of Versailles has played a large impact in the conflicts of the Middle East after World war One.

Gaudi’s vision

IntroductionIn order to appreciate Antoni Gaudi ‘s originative vision we must look at the context in which he worked. It seems that old surveies of Gaudi have non researched extensively into puting him within this cultural context ; and have instead preferred to sketch him as a alone recluse figure or concentrated on his luxuriant architectural signifiers. This thesis will research whether political, societal and economic developments in the late 19th and 20th Centuries in Catalonia and Spain proved standards for the designer, his work and his immediate circle ; and whether these factors influenced his originative determinations and have been overlooked throughout his life. The work is composed of three inter-related subdivisions. The first subdivision will discourse Gaudi ‘s Catalan roots, and early societal influences. Park G? ell will be used to exemplify this. The 2nd subdivision explores Catalan patriotism, societal categories and the rise of Catalan industrial capitalist economy. It will besides analyze the political struggle and tensenesss between Castile and Catalonia, including the three Carlist wars, which were fought out on Catalan district, the black effects after Spain ‘s loss of her imperium in 1898, and the impact of Tragic Week in 1909. It will see how these may hold affected Gaudi and his working principle. This subdivision will be analysed through the illustration of the Casa Mila. The 3rd subdivision will analyze Gaudi ‘s displacement in religion and the impact that this had on his architecture. This will be shown through the illustration of the Sagrada Familia ( Holy household ) Cathedral. This treatment starts by sing the position expressed by Clara Gari of the Catalan designer ‘s attack: Possibly what makes a speedy apprehension hard in Gaudi ‘s work is its dare and absorbing uncertainness, that scope which slips between architectural ‘code ‘ and ‘structure ‘ . Such ambiguity is accentuated much more when the matrixes from which Gaudi extracts a determined stylistic ‘code ‘ are non ever clearly evidenced. But instead they appear, as frequently happens, equivocally confused as a effect of a kind of intercession, prior to the acceptance of the chosen ‘code ‘ , which by manner of a deformed lens, varies the aspects and the coloring material in it, flim-flaming us with a free all encompassing behavior, and with an underlying energy straight emanated from the cultural heritage which is hard to simplify ‘ Gari seems to be noticing that, despite Gaudi ‘s classical instruction and preparation as an designer, he could put on the line being really extremist in his usage of the recognized architectural codifications and constructions of his clip. In Gaudi ‘s work, codifications and constructions seem to be passed through the filter of his imaginativeness and his Catalan individuality, and are transformed into something which may look distorted but can hold a powerful consequence upon us as perceivers.Gaudi ‘s Catalan roots and early societal influencesAntoni Placid Guillem Gaudi I Cornet was born in Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain on June 25, 1852, into a household which had come from a long line of Catalan merchandisers, mineworkers, husbandmans, weavers, boilermakers and coppersmiths. Gaudi was introduced to the household trade tradition at an early age when watching his male parent in his workshop. He was proud of this heritage and one time said: ‘I have the quality of spacial apprehensiveness because I am the boy, grandson, and the great grandson of coppersmiths†¦ All these coevalss of people gave me readying. ‘ Gaudi ‘s predecessors came from a cross-Pyrenean civilization that bordered the Mediterranean Sea and were accustomed to absorbing influences from different civilizations, while someway retaining their ain Catalan individuality. The Catalan linguistic communication, for illustration, is closer to the lingua of Languedoc in France than it is to Castilian which is spoken in most of Spain. Joan Bergos explains in his book, Gaudi the adult male and his plants, that: ‘Gaudi ‘s line of descent therefore has deep, if distant roots in cardinal Europe, assorted with the virtuousnesss traditionally found among the people of Tarragona, a typically Mediterranean people, passionate, hardworking, brave in the face of hardship and slightly inclined to irony. ‘ The Mediterranean part of Tarragona, with its natural mi lieus and quality of visible radiation, are elements of the rural universe that Gaudi seems to supply as mentions to his architectural signifiers. His love of nature began as a little kid, when rheumatoid arthritis, made physical geographic expedition and drama painful and hard and he was restricted to siting about on the dorsum of a donkey, harmonizing to household narratives, he was able to analyze his natural milieus and to make his ain fanciful universe. Possibly because of his hard start in life Gaudi may hold developed an interior universe of phantasy, form, construction and coloring material, produced by his cognition of the craftsman ‘s trade and the natural signifiers found in his environment. Gaudi came from a profoundly spiritual household and received a thorough Catholic spiritual instruction generated from the continuance of mediaeval Guilds. This would hold included obligatory supplication to the Virgin, Christian philosophy, spiritual ethical motives and spiritual history. By 1874, at the age of 22, Gaudi had moved to Barcelona with his brother Francesc ; and here he began his readying to develop as an designer at the Escuela T & A ; eacute ; cnica Superior de Arquitectura ( Upper Technical School of Architecture ) . Here he studied Spanish architecture which would hold focused upon its many cultural traditions, including: Phoenician, Roman, Greek, Visigothic, Celtic, Arab, Berber and Jewish. These would hold been wholly absorbed into the thought of modern-day design so that there was no bias against the acceptance of Islamic motives and symbols. One could conceive of how of import this multi-faceted cultural heritage of Spain would hold been for the development of G audi ‘s ain attack to architecture. Gaudi besides seemed to portion the concerns and ideals that surrounded the dynamic and rational ambiance during his young person, and would hold been influenced by the celebrated intellectuals of the clip: Pugin, Ruskin and Viollet-le-Duc. The latter was responsible for the Gothic resurgence in France and as a student of Le Grand Durand he had influenced France ‘s acceptance of Renaissance theoretical accounts and ‘rationalist ‘ attack to metropolis planning, which had put the state at the head of European artistic and architectural argument. One could besides assume that Gaudi had read the work of the English author Ruskin, in which he states, in his book: The seven lamps of Architecture: ‘ I say that if work forces truly lived like work forces, their houses would be like temples which we would non make bold to go against so easy and in which it would be a privilege to populate. There must be some unusual disintegration of household fondness, a unusual ungratefulness towards everything that our houses have given us and that our parents have taught us, a unusual consciousness of our unfaithfulness with regard and love for our male parent, or possibly an consciousness that our life is non for doing our house sacred in the eyes of our kids, which induces each one of us to desire to construct for ourselves, and to construct merely for the small revolution of our personal life. I see these suffering concretions of clay and limestone that shoot up like mushrooms in the boggy Fieldss around our capital†¦ I look at them non merely with the repulsive force of the pained position, non merely with the hurting that is caused by a disfigured landscape, non with the pain ful foreboding that the roots of our national grandeza must hold infected with sphacelus right down to their tips from the minute that they were planted in such an unstable mode in out native dirt. ‘ It seems that Ruskin ‘s moral and aesthetic quandary was one that Gaudi would besides see as a immature professional designer, and he would travel between his support of socialist ideals and assorted privileged connexions with the nobility and upper center categories ( his possible clients ) throughout his life. Gaudi was discovered by the middle class without whom his architecture would non stand today. However it seems he was non apathetic to the societal life of his age and its contradictions. Other coevalss working towards these ideals, were: Elies Rogent ( 1821-1897 ) , whose design of Barcelona ‘s University edifice was influenced by the German Rundbogenstil, which was a Neo-classical rounded arch ; Joan Martorell ( 1833-1906 ) who designed the Neo-gothic brick and glazed-tiled church of Saint Francesc de Gross saless ( 1885 ) ; Josep Vilaseca who collaborated with Lluis Dom & A ; egrave ; nech i Montaner ( 1850-1923 ) on the Batlo grave ( 1885 ) . As his former pro fessor at the Escuela T & A ; eacute ; cnica Superior de Arquitectura, Lluis Dom & A ; egrave ; nech i Montaner was at the head of the Catalan Modernist motion, besides known as the ‘Renaixenca ‘ ( or Rebirth ) , which encouraged art, theater and literature in the Catalan linguistic communication. He was besides responsible for planing the Palau de la Musica Catalana which symbolises the coming together of the Catalan nationalist sentiment and international civilization. It besides shows a peculiar connexion to Gaudi ‘s Colonia Guell, Casa Vicens and Park Guell, though its luxuriant ornamentation, sculptures and colorful ceramic mosaics, all of which seem to mention to a deep connexion with Catalan nature and patriotism that were evident at the clip. This connexion can be seen in the foliage and flower forms on the frontage of the Palau de la Musica Catalana which are inspired by Moresque architecture and followed the curvilinear design seen in Art Nouveau. At the same clip, the civil applied scientist Ildefons Cerda ( 1815-1876 ) had been given the committee to spread out Barcelona ‘s boundaries by pulverizing its walls and supplying land for new residential countries. It seems that his programs were influenced by Haussmann ‘s redesign of Paris, and were based on a similar grid system. Cerda was shocked that the working categories were paying proportionally more in rent for their confined life adjustment than the wealthy paid for their epicurean lodging. The design for metropolis, although Neo-classical, was besides considered ‘realist ‘ because of Cerda ‘s apprehension of modern urban sociology and life conditions. It seems that this enlargement signalled to other designers that it was acceptable to research new ways of planing public and private infinites. This new sociological attitude towards urban infinites can be seen as the accelerator for the creative activity of the thought of the Garden City. The construct of puting up communities outside metropoliss was started by enlightened industrial altruists such as Robert Owen, Titus Salt and George Cadbury, making little lodging undertakings for their workers in England as far back as 1800. However, the most of import of the Garden City motion was Ebenezer Howard whose book ‘Tomorrow: A Peaceful Way to Real Reform ‘ , published in 1898, was to go extremely influential in town planning throughout the twentieth century. The Garden City motion is a good illustration of the altering societal attitude towards the built environment and can be seen in the ulterior be aftering texts of Tony Garnier and of Le Corbusier ‘s ASCORAL, foremost published as ‘Les Trois Establissements Humains ‘ in 1945. In a short text called Notes on the household house ( Casa Pairal ) written by Gaudi between 1878 and 1881, he reflects on the relationship between house and household: The house is a little state of the household†¦ The in private owned house has been given the name of Casa Parial ( household place ) who among us does non remember, on hearing this look, some beautiful illustration in the countryside or in the metropolis? The chase of boodle and alterations in imposts have caused most of these household places to vanish from the metropolis, and those that remain are in such a awful province that they can non last long. The demand for a household house is non merely limited to one age and one household in peculiar but is an digesting demand for all households. The text seems to be mentioning to the integrity of a state and of its people, it reflects the apprehension of an designer who strives for sanitation and good being, every bit good as the anti-urban feeling which had arisen in England and spread throughout Europe. One could assume that it besides reflects Gaudi ‘s deep-seated connexion with the rural universe, that of provincial and craftsman, a universe from which he had come. Maria Antonietta Crippa explains in her book, Populating Gaudi that: Gaudi ‘s attending was non directed instantly to the businessperson house, but to the â€Å" demands of everyone † . She goes on to state that ‘He does non conceal his malaise at the inordinate, over accelerated growing of metropoliss, which uproot many people from the land of their birth and coerce them to populate in rented houses in the â€Å" land of out-migration. † And he applauds the determination to abandon engorged metropolis centres for the broad, light-filled, leafy suburbs. Possibly this sociological attack is what allowed Gaudi to believe up the inventive design that he created for Park G? ell in 1900. This was a garden metropolis which captured the spirit of the twentieth century and followed the stylish tendency in Europe for making big cosmetic infinites. It was a public infinite which would make a haven off from industrialization, where the common adult male, both affluent and hapless, could exert and see public events during their new-found leisure hours. It was besides designed as a infinite where upstart households could populate comfortably off from the crowded metropolis Centre. The park seems to uncover Gaudi ‘s extraordinary imaginativeness in what could be seen as an optimistic stage of his life. Maria Antoietta Crippa explains that: ‘Gaudi ‘s gardens are evocative of â€Å" The Rose Garden, † evoked in the first of T.S Eliot ‘s Four Fours: a topographic point that arouses memories of childhood, but which is b esides a symbol of a past and a hereafter that are alive in our present: â€Å" Humankind can non bear excessively much world. / Time yesteryear and clip future / what might hold been and what has been / point to one terminal, which is ever present. ‘ She goes on to explicate that the garden is a metaphor non merely for an earthly Eden, but besides of the power of human memory, another enlargement of Gaudi ‘s interior universe. The park draws together urban sociology, his early childhood involvement in nature and his strong sense of Mediterranean Catalan patriotism and symbolism. Gaudi uses the Moresque art of ‘trencadis ‘ , a method of intentionally interrupting tiles and re-arranging them into intricate forms. He uses this technique on the long serpentine bench-balustrade where broken ceramic pieces have been arranged into words and symbols with spiritual and Catalan nationalist intensions. Some historiographers have besides suggested that the Doric column s which consist of fluted shafts made of unsmooth rock, covered at the base with white ceramics, and joined to the ceiling by domes which are supported by gently swerving beams, non merely evoke the gesture of Mediterranean moving ridges but are besides evocative of the Temple of Delphos and reflect the civilization of Greece and the Mediterranean. They believed the construction of these columns existed as a testimonial to Greece, which had won its independency from the Turkish Empire, pulling analogues with the political state of affairs of Catalonia and the Catalans ‘ desire for independency. Gaudi arrived in Barcelona at a clip of of import alteration in architectural thought and it seems that he benefited from meeting and taking designers of his twenty-four hours, who were involved in the regeneration of Catalan civilization, in which, the re-birth of the linguistic communication had a critical part in Catalan ‘s rediscovering their heritage and their common individualities. In the diary: Tongue tied: The function of linguistics in Basque and Catalan Nationalism, Ryan Barnes explains how of import the metempsychosis of the Catalan linguistic communication was: Language has ever been an indispensable component of patriotism, supplying a typical characteristic and beginning of pride for a corporate people. The ability to pass on with one another is indispensable to constructing Bridgess between aliens and hammering the thought of a ‘nation ‘ , which instils the thought of integrity among a people that have ne'er met†¦ Furthermore, communicating brings cognition with it. Language conveys the thoughts of a people or state through literacy plants such as verse forms or novels, which nationalists can look back on with pride. It seems that Catalan subjects were comparing themselves, non to the intellectuals in the Spanish capital, Madrid, but to creative persons and interior decorators of other states in Europe who were more technologically advanced, such as: England, France and Germany. The Catalan linguistic communication had been suppressed for many old ages by Spain ‘s cardinal authorities but now Catalans seemed to take pride in self-expression, while being cognizant of developments from the other side of the Pyrenees, including the renovation of Paris and the creative activity of the London squares with their cosmetic gardens. They besides seemed cognizant of the Neo-gothic architecture which was encouraged by intellectuals such as Pugin, the designer of the Houses of Parliament and John Ruskin ‘s thoughts on workers ‘ instruction and benefits. It seems that Gaudi excessively was cognizant of these thoughts, and although Catalonia was insulating itself from the diminution of Spain, it was besides maintaining up with new and of import influences from abroad. Catalonia was going a developed part within an undeveloped state.The history of Catalan patriotism, societal categories and the rise of Catalan industrial capitalist economy and political tensenesss in Catalonia and Spain.Catalonia had become the industrial Centre for the remainder of Spain during the nineteenth century, a period when there was increasing unrest in the whole state. During the eighteenth century Catalonia had evolved from an economic system based on goods for local ingestion to an economic system with broad commercial aspirations. This industrialization took topographic point in a state of untapped natural stuffs and really low buying power. Catalonia ‘s fabrication enlargement depended upon its beginning of energy generated from hydraulic turbines on its irregularly flowing rivers, but in the twentieth century the hydroelectric potency of the Pyrenees was finally secured for progress ing industrial production. The category system of Catalan society was mostly the consequence of three consecutive long moving ridges of industrialization and capital accretion, with the attendant growing of new factory-linked Centres, the monolithic importance of the work force, the consolidation of a skilled on the job category and a big in-between category, together with farther progresss in the way of secularization and urbanization. These three long moving ridges entailed the undermentioned developments: the growing of the businessperson category, the rise of an industrial society based, at first, as in so many other topographic points, on the fabric industry, and the constitution of great household lucks. Karl Marx was composing in Das Kapital at this period of clip about the enlargement of the middle class in Europe: Changeless revolutionising of production, uninterrupted perturbation of all societal conditions, everlasting uncertainness and agitation distinguish the middle class era from all earlier 1s. All fixed, fast frozen dealingss, with their train of antediluvian and venerable biass and sentiments, are swept off, all new formed 1s become antiquated before they can ossify†¦ The middle class has subjected the state to the regulation of the towns. It has created tremendous citations, has greatly increased the urban population as compared with the rural, and therefore rescued a considerable portion of the population from rural amentia. In common with the middle class across Europe there was an increasing figure of freshly rich Catalan industrialists such as Eusebi G? ell and Pere Mila I Camps who were seeking the outward look of their fortunate place in society. The metropolis civilization of Barcelona attracted them because it offered them a manner of life that was tantamount to what they witnessed in other European industrialised societies. To show their power, and their love of the new, as Marx discusses, they needed modern stylish designers who could take advantage of the tendencies in design that were current in those other states. Most of the designers at this clip were drawn into the Capitalist desire to utilize infinite as a trade good that could be built on and sold. Gaudi, although willing to offer his considerable endowment to industrialists who were geting land for edifice undertakings, finally rejected this attack to architecture in favour of a return to the traditional architectural signifiers, such as church edifice, as a symbolic representation of Catalan nationhood. Harmonizing to Maria Antonietta Crippa, Gaudi was already puting out on a different way in footings of the secularization of modern architecture, as will be demonstrated in the illustration of the Casa Mila. In her book, Living Gaudi, The designer ‘s complete vision, she suggests that: †¦ ( Gaudi ‘s ) buildings were built at a clip when a Utopian, secularizing tendency was developing in the universe of European architecture. This tendency, which was radically different from the way taken by the Catalan designer, proposed the creative activity of the new urban and residential infinites that would decide the instabilities caused by the violent growing of metropoliss and by the technological revolution that took topographic point in the 2nd half of the 19th century and the beginning of the twentieth. Despite the seemingly epicurean life of Barcelona ‘s middle class, the political state of affairs in the whole of Spain was progressively unstable throughout the nineteenth century. Alternatively of developing a system of political parties Spain had been confronted by a series of military putschs ; and alternatively of political argument there were efforts to alter the written fundamental law. Between 1822 and 1875, resistance to broad capitalist economy led to five civil wars, which were fought out on Catalan district. The last three were to be known as the Carlist wars, in which monarchists and the armed forces opposed the progressives and Republicans, and this struggle continued into the twentieth century with increasing ferociousness and bloodshed. The Third Carlist war ended in 1876 when Gaudi was 24. Gaudi believed that: ‘war, offering force as a solution to any job, is necessarily corrupting. The Crusades were a failure and many reasonable Carlists abandoned that c ause in the face of the behavior of the Carlist forces. ‘ It seems that Gaudi was interested in public personal businesss and followed developments on the political scene. He one time said: I am really like my male parent. At one point, non long before he died, there had merely been elections, and he still had adequate enthusiasm for the topic to inquire me to state him which campaigners had been elected ‘ He railed against segregation and he defended energetically the thoughts of rationalism and a strong and united Spain. Gaudi was one of a big group of intellectuals known as the coevals of '98. In 1898 the political diminution of Spain worsened when it entered a war with the USA, which it could non afford to contend. America supported the minority of plantation owners in the settlement of Cuba, who were doing demands for emancipation from Spain. Following Spanish reprisals against these Rebels, and supported by fabricated claims in the US imperativeness, America launched an onslaught on Spanish forces which caused tremendous loss of life and led to Cuba being ‘liberated ‘ into an American domain of influence. The daze of licking in Spain was overpowering, as Gabriel Tortella explains inThe Development of Modern Spain, an Economic History of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: †¦ the loss of markets for industry and agribusiness, the loss of human life, of physical and military resources and income to the Treasury, the disappearing of assorted transit and communicating webs, and possibly the most of import, a widespread sense of repugnance and demoralisation. For Spanish swayers and people, it seems that such a national humiliation inflicted by a comparatively immature democratic province would tag their state out as deeply flawed and unstable in the modern age of the early twentieth century, and would be linked to worsen, political pandemonium and eventual barbarous civil war in 1936-1939. A few old ages after this calamity, Gaudi began work on the Casa Mila, a edifice six narratives high, with eight flats on each floor grouped around two internal courtyards, one handbill and the other ellipse. It is designed so that light inundations in through the two inner courtyards which are unfastened to the sky. Gaudi ‘s thought was that the edifice should be a base for an tremendous statue of the Virgin Mary accompanied by two angels, which he had hoped would stand 25m above the roof of the edifice and would hold dominated the metropolis. The edifice seems to reflect Gaudi ‘s repugnance at the anti-clerical force in Spain and loss of religious significance in modern twenty-four hours society. Possibly he would hold agreed with Kandinsky ‘s position that: the incubus of philistinism, which has turned the life of the existence into an evil, useless game, is non yet past: it holds the waking up psyche still in its clasp. It seems that Mila I Camps was uneasy about the visual aspect of the proposed huge statue of the Madonna on the roof of his belongings, as harmonizing to art historian Robert Hughes: †¦ given the turbulency of 1904 it would likely take to the devastation of his edifice by angered anti-clerical rabble. It seemed that Gaudi was obliged to convey the importance and luxury of the life of this new entrepreneurial category, who: did non look to the past, but merely desired one thing: to contrive their ain hereafter. Alternatively of the statue of the Virgin Mary, Gaudi was compelled to replace it with airing towers, chimneys and sculptures. The step units are topped with crosses with four equal weaponries and the chimneys are surmounted by little domes similar to warrior caputs. Harmonizing to Maria Antonietta Crippa the ensuing sculptures on the roof: ‘ ( carry ) a powerful affectional charge ‘ . She goes on to state ‘ consider, for illustration, that manner that he uses catenary constructions and fluted surfaces, or the characteristics that appear in his unreal landscapes and rock gardens ; these elements all work to make a fantasy universe, as in the instance of the multitextured, rippling fa & A ; ccedil ; fruit drink of Casa Batllo, or the cryptic shade universe of the roof patio of Casa Mila. ‘ Could these anguished, distorted forms express Gaudi ‘s interior fantasy universe? Or so his mental province at the clip? Could they perchance convey the force of his times and his personal mournings? It is sensible to see that the designer ‘s originative procedure is strongly influenced by his unconscious head, as Karl Jung argues: Originals are numinous structural elements of the mind which have a grade of liberty and energy of their ain, which allows them to pull whatever contents of the consciousness that suit them. These are non familial word pictures, but instead certain unconditioned sensitivities to organize parallel repre sentations, which I called the corporate unconscious. One could presume that these distorted signifiers were connected with his hurt at the loss of his preferable sacred symbol, the Mother of Christ, but may besides hold held a more personal significance as a representation of his ain female parent, who had died 30 old ages antecedently along with his brother Francesc. The period following their deceases, in 1876, had caused an all ‘enveloping depression ‘ for Gaudi. Reflecting on the Casa Mila it was likely a good thought that Gaudi had non used the edifice as a life shrine, as violent protests once more erupted in the metropolis, and saw the combustion of 40 spiritual schools, convents and monasteries, and 12 Parish churches in 1909, the rioters sing the Church to organize portion of the corrupt businessperson construction. The alleged Tragic Week seemed to impact Gaudi profoundly ; possibly this is why everything he produced afterwards seemed to be built in the Catholic spirit of somehow devising damagess for the devastation. Could it be that he was transporting the load of unconscious guilt for his ain losingss and for those that had devastated the Mother Church? At the same clip as covering with this religious crisis, it seems that he was get bying with neglecting physical wellness. The decease of Gaudi ‘s frequenter Don Eusebi G? ell in 1918 land him to a complete arrest, after which it is presumed that he had a psychological dislocat ion. During his last eight old ages of increasing isolation, possibly he turned his dorsum on the helter-skelter events in his state and withdrew into a life of abstention and religionism. Upon these painful tragic loses, after his male parent ‘s decease and the decease of his sister ‘s girl Rosa, his sense of uncertainness about life and on enduring from turns of Mediterranean febrility. He began his descent into a rigorous life of religionism. My closest friends are dead ; I have no household, no clients, no luck, nil. Now I can give myself entirely to my church. Gijs Van Hensbergen summarises the crisis for Gaudi ‘s coevals when he explains in his book: Gaudi the Biography: †¦ Spain ‘s loss of her imperium in 1898 and the Tragic Week of 1909 in which convents and churches were burned down ; both had strong effects on Gaudi, his friends, frequenters and wholly changed his working forms. The political state of affairs in Catalonia was a complex, potentially explosive 1. Catalonia ‘s confederation with Spain ( Castile ) was one of huge tenseness†¦ Before the civil war, some Spanish intellectuals and politicians recognised the dangers, but tragically they did n't hold the power to hold the impulse of the nearing crisis. Few coevalss have of all time been so viciously self analytical as Gaudi ‘s. Few have put themselves through such painful find†¦ These political and societal tensenesss between reform and reaction provide the subtext and concealed constructions of Gaudi ‘s work.Shift in religion and its impact on Gaudi ‘s architectureThe wish to organize something unambiguously powerful and symbolic in a clip of u npredictable political and societal events may be at the bosom of Gaudi ‘s most celebrated design, the cathedral. A personal history of Gaudi is given by one of his close friends Joan Bergos who remarked on the transmutation in Gaudi during the latter old ages of his life, when he became wholly consumed by his originative chef-d'oeuvre. Bergos said:Faith changed the passionate, hotheaded, choleric young person into a serene, balanced, model adult male, who merely on rare occasions gave blowhole to any temperamental effusion and who radiated such a beneficent aura that he sometimes inspired transition and even epic forfeit in those lives he touched. Furthermore, Mark Burry suggests in his book Expiatory Church of the Sagrada Familia: Architecture in item: The Sagrada Familia is a life of a remarkable designer ‘s coming to footings with his clip, his personality and, finally, his exposure. Besides one could besides see that Gaudi had been influenced by Viollet-le-Duc ‘s statement that:We must happen creativeness through an accurate cognition of the plants of our ascendants. Not that such cognition must take us to copy them slavishly, but instead it will uncover and do available all the secret accomplishments of our predecessors.Possibly what was of import for Gaudi was that a interior decorator must take from the traditional what he has absorbed into his ain cognition and re-interpret and re-work it so that it can look innovatory and familiar, every bit good as inspirational. When Gaudi moved to Barcelona as a immature adult male, it seems that he had been impressed with its wealth of historical architecture, which dated back to the Middle Ages. He had visited the Basilica Church of Santa Maria del Mar in the Ribera territory which has three aisles organizing a individual infinite with no transepts and no architectural boundary between nave and presbytery. The simple ribbed vault is supported on slender octangular columns, and daylight watercourses in through the tall clearstory Windowss. The foundation rock was laid by King Alfonso IV in 1329 and the whole edifice was carried out by local people including stevedores, who collected the big rock slabs from nearby preies. The undertaking, which brought the full community together within the vision of a Christian household, was an architectural doctrine that Gaudi admired and that would back up the thought for the Sagrada Familia. The Virgin Mary holds a peculiar importance within the Catholic religion as she is seen as non merely the Mother of God, but besides as the Mother of the Church. Gaudi ‘s household were devout Catholics, and it seems made regular visits to the Churches of Sant Pere and Sant Jaume. Religious pattern in Catholic Europe in the nineteenth Century was multifaceted and influenced by factors such as category, gender and part. Industrialization and urbanization presented the greatest challenges to the Church as they forced it to redefine its function in the community. Barcelona and Catalonia seem to hold embraced the Sagrada Familia as a symbol of Catalan Catholic individuality. Gaudi was besides familiar with the black Madonna of Montserrat, which was a statue of the Virgin Mary and the infant Christ carved in wood in the early yearss of the Christian Church. Montserrat symbolises Catalan spiritual life, and is a celebrated topographic point of Catholic pilgrim's journey throughout Europe. He was besides familiar with the thirteenth century monastery of Poblet in Tarragona, which he explored as a immature school male child. This was the burial land and Palace of Catalan Kings. The Cistercian monastery was founded in 1153 to honour the third Century Egyptian anchorite St. Anthony the Great and to convey back the Christian cloistered life of pureness, obeisance, poorness and celibacy, after release from 400 old ages of Muslim regulation. In the nineteenth Century, during and after the Carlist wars, the monastery was on a regular basis looted during anti-clerical rioting and left in a province of ruin. Because of Gaudi ‘s life-long involvement in such sacred edifices, the building of the Sagrada Familia seemed to supply Gaudi with an architectural signifier for spiritual resurgence. It was a cathedral dedicated to Jesus Christ, and his parents, Joseph and Mary. The thought of the cathedral was to typify the theoretical account of Catholic Christian household values, which seemed to hold had been eroded by rampant philistinism. It was to appeal to the working categories who might place with Joseph as an ideal working male parent. It is sensible to presume that this undertaking may hold besides appealed to Gaudi because he felt indebted to his ain male parent for the support he had given him as an designer. At this clip Antoni and his male parent Francesc shared their place together until his male parent died in 1906. Gaudi imagined the church in the form of a Latin cross surrounded by seven chapels. The full cathedral seems to depict Gaudi ‘s position on religion with the seven towers stand foring the seven yearss of creative activity, seven central virtuousnesss and seven opposing wickednesss. The 12 towers are dedicated to the 12 apostles, and the tallest 1 at 170 metres is dedicated to Jesus Christ. Each tower begins in the form of a square and at a certain tallness becomes a tapering cylinder. They are each finished off with a mosaic appliqu & A ; eacute ; . The mosaic ends represent the staff of a bishop. The Nativity Facade is inspired by the New Testament history of the birth, childhood and young person of Jesus. Plaster dramatis personaes were made from human topics, chosen to stand for the true character, instead than an idealized position of society ; the scope of topics included healthy persons, handicapped people and still born babes. The latter represented the kids slaughtered by Herod. Other sculptures included word pictures of Christ among the physicians, and the mature Jesus rehearsing his male parent ‘s trade, every bit good as birds in flight, the star of Bethlehem and natural zoology and vegetation. Gaudi said that‘Everybody will happen something in the church, husbandmans see pricks and biddies, scientists see the marks of the zodiac, theologians the family tree of Jesus, but the account, the ground behind it all, merely the erudite will cognize it, and it must non be divulged.‘DecisionThere will ever be elements of Gaudi ‘s architecture and life that we will ne'er to the full understand. Although there have been many diaries and books written about him, he is still a adult male of many concealed aspects, some of which are yet to be discovered. Yet it seems that the unseeable, is what was most of import for Gaudi ‘s architecture with the concealed symbolism and mentions to Catalonia and to the problems of his clip. His earliest influences seem to be his love of nature, closely linked to the landscape of his childhood Tarragona ; and 2nd, his artisanal background, which encouraged him to unite the basic techniques of building with the ability to get down visualizing in three dimensions. Teamed with his classical instruction and early influences from celebrated intellectuals, such as Pugin, Ruskin and Viollet-le-Duc, it seems that he was able to believe about architecture within its societal context in a modern industrialized economic system. It besides seems that the resurgence of art, theater and the Catalan linguistic communication, appealed to person such as Gaudi, who opted merely to talk his native lingua instead than Castilian, and who had a strong sense of patriotism towards his ain part. Park G? ell seems to reflect Gaudi ‘s patriotism at an optimistic and inventive phase of his life and seems to capture the spirit of the twentieth century. The park was merely made possible by Gaudi ‘s frequenter Eusebi G? ell who made his wealth from the fabric industry and was, like many, looking for new ways to put. One could propose that Gaudi was fortunate to happen person to fund his many undertakings, most of which would non hold been made possible without G? ell ‘s fundss. As a consequence of rapid alterations in industrial society and the growing of the businessperson category, every bit good as an progressively unstable political state of affairs, including the Carlist wars, Spain ‘s loss of settlements and Tragic Week, it seems that there was a major displacement in Gaudi ‘s working principle at the tallness of his calling. The Casa Mila shows Gaudi both compromising with capitalist economy and finally turning his dorsum on it, demoing repugnance for the philistinism of his clip. Here we see a adult male who is altering from an adventuresome immature designer into an single carrying unconscious guilt for individual calamity and a turning relig ious committedness to mend the destructiveness of his age. One could possibly propose that this was non surprising behaviour as Gaudi ‘s coevals, besides known as the coevals of 98 ‘ , who had witnessed so much desolation and bloodshed in their life clip. Possibly it is besides non unreasonable to anticipate work forces involved within the humanistic disciplines and of this coevals to show their interior feelings through their endowments, utilizing concealed codifications and symbols to show this. One could state that Gaudi has used his architecture to research the enigma of life and effort to re-create through his ain eyes. Gaudi one time said: ‘men may be divided into two types: work forces of words and work forces of action. The first speak ; the latter act. I am of the 2nd group. I lack the agencies to show myself adequately. I would non yet concretised them. I have ne'er had clip to reflect on them. My hours have been spent on my work. In the latter phase of G audi ‘s calling it seems that he became to a great extent involved with the Church and dedicated the remainder of his life to the Sagrada Familia. Could it be that in the Sagrada Familia Gaudi had found refuge from the political and societal pandemonium and from his personal tragic losingss? Could it besides be that he created an inspirational infinite in which God, and non modern adult male, was the maestro? It seems that he has been able to encompass people into his interior universe, into his vision as 1000s of tourers flock to see his iconic architecture every twelvemonth. Not merely did he reform the life of Barcelona through his architecture, but he sought influence in his times, and in return influenced the life of an full community.BibliographySecondary Beginnings:Nonell, Juan, Antonio Gaudi: Maestro designer, ( New York and London: Abbeville Press Publishers, 2000 )Crippa, Maria, Populating Gaudi: The Architects Complete Vision, ( New York: Rizzoli International Publi cation, INC, 2002 )Crippa, Maria, Gaudi 1852-1926, From Nature to Architecture, ( Hong Kong, Koln, London, Los Angeles, Madrid, Paris, Tokyo: Taschen, 2007 )Gari, Clara, Gaudi and the path of Modernism in Barcelona, ( Barcelona: Emege Industrias Graficas, 1998 )Hensbergen, Gijs, Gaudi: The Biography, ( London: HarperCollinsPublishers,2001 )Coad, Emma, Spanish Design and Architecture, London: Studio Vista, 1990 )Rossi, Aldo, The Architecture of the City, ( Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, The MIT Press, 1992 )Derek, Avery, Antoni Gaudi, ( London: Chaucer, 2003 )Mackay, David, Modern Architecture in Barcelona ( 1854-1939 ) , ( The Anglo-Catalan Society Occasional Publications, 1985Giner, Salvador, The Social Structure of Catalonia, ( The Anglo-Catalan Society Occasional Publications, 1985 )Tolosa, Lluis, Barcelona. 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