Cultural Diversity in Schools Essay examples - 1970 Words

Cultural Diversity in Schools EDCI 401 Name Here JANUARY 31,1997 Since early American history, schools, like society, have addressed cultural diversity in different ways. In the colonial days, some attempts to adjust to cultural differences were made in the New York colony, but the dominant American culture was the norm in the general public, as well as most of the schools. As America approached the nineteenth century, the need for a common culture was the basis for the educational forum. Formal public school instruction in cultural diversity was rare, and appreciation or celebration of minority or ethnic culture essentially was nonexistent in most schools. In the 1930s, the educators were in the progressive†¦show more content†¦The answer is clear: We must (Tamura, 24-25). Students need to understand that they are participating in many different networks. They are involved in social networks, not just ethnic or racial ones; however, their cultural background and experiences may indeed have an impact upon the nature of their participation in these other networks. Students also need to understand they are also individuals with talents, skills, strengths, weaknesses, likes and dislikes (Ryan, 27). A goal for all students, American born or not, is to develop cross-cultural acceptance, to have them develop strategies to work through their own prejudices and to sustain their own dignity when they become the targets of prejudice. We as teachers must work very hard to teach children to sustain and protect our democratic way of life and to build a world culture of human beings who resolve disputes in ways that protect the rights of all (Higuchi, 70-71). The curriculum at Madison is different than any other school I have been associated with. Mr. Warren and his staff base the curriculum on the needs of the students. As I have stated in my journal, the language arts is the area of study with the biggest deficits. Math, Spelling, and Reading are the main emphasis of the curriculum. I witnessed a one science lesson with the gifted students. Madison has made great strides to improve in the area of language arts, they have improved many studentsShow MoreRelatedCultural Diversity At Washington Elementary Sch ool883 Words   |  4 Pageshad to go to a local elementary school and take a walk around its neighborhood. I was told to observe cultural diversity, types of homes surrounding the school, and answer a variety of questions regarding the kinds of students that attend the school. I was originally a bit baffled by the kinds of questions on the sheet like are there any apartment buildings near by? or where do the children get food? I thought to myself Why do these things matter to a school? And then as I was going throughRead MoreCultural Diversity : An Important Component Of A School Essay1784 Words   |  8 PagesCelebrating cultural diversity is an extremely important component in a school. Having various students from different backgrounds and cultures is a common occurrence in many classrooms around the world. However, sometimes these children do not feel included or accepted and this makes it even more important to celebrate the diversity of the students (Roach, 2015). It is, th erefore, the teacher s responsibility to make these children feel even more accepted, because feeling isolated may be extremelyRead MoreThe Importance Of Teaching Schools With Cultural And Linguistic Diversity Essay1401 Words   |  6 Pagesteaching practice in schools when working with cultural and linguistic diversity. Initially this essay will draw together pedagogical foundations to show the importance for understanding how and why diversity is an issue that needs both personal and professional reflection. Examples of effective practice in three schools will be considered, Clover Park School, Richmond Road School and Finlayson Park School. Creating a learning environment that caters for diversity at Clover Park School involved usingRead MoreCultural Diversity At The California College Of Arts1234 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: CULTURAL DIVERSITY 1 CULTURAL DIVERSITY 6 Cultural diversity Name Professors Name Institution Date Introduction Cultural diversity has impacted the American Society and studies as well. It is important to encourage students to explore the diversity of culture in America and also understand how culture has changed the landscape. The essence of studying diversity in culture is to help students understand the global community interrelations and how ethnicity, raceRead MoreA Letter From District Administrator1569 Words   |  7 PagesA Letter from District Administrator Greetings Parents, Staff, Students, and Community Members, Hazelwood School District is committed to providing an equitable education to our diverse learners with culturally responsive instruction. Through our commitment, we have formed a Strategic Diversity Planning team that consists of district and school administrators. The team reflected on the district mission, vision, student demographics, and performance data. Our extensive reflection revealed theRead MoreMulticultural Education Is A Method For Instruction That Values Diversity Within The Classroom1227 Words   |  5 PagesStates diversity will become progressively more reflected in our schools. In our school, students are becoming increasingly diverse, by assisting pupils to attaining knowledge, attitudes they need in order to become active citizens within our society. Teaching a group of diverse students from different backgrounds, ethnic, and other cultural groups in a school environment that supports diversity within a classroom setting incorporate teaching. More importantly, it is important that within schools teachersRead MoreUnit 204: Equality, Diversity and Inclusion in Work with Children and Young People Assignment 1816 Words   |  4 PagesEquality, diversity and inclusion in work with children and young people Assignment 1 Within a school, equality, diversity and inclusion is very important. It is their duty to make sure all children have equal access to the curriculum. Whether they are a different race, culture, gender or have a special need or disability, it is important that they are supported and have a right to participate and be treated equal; this is known as inclusion. As part of this it is important that schools and otherRead MoreCulture Has On The Process Of Learning And Teaching1382 Words   |  6 Pagesculture has on the process of learning and teaching. Santoro refers to Morgan and Slade who explore cultural learning tendencies and different views of knowledge, learning and teaching. For Indigenous people, it is suggested that they consider effective learning as being ‘contextual, interdependent, subjective and motivated by community commitment and obligation’ compared to non-Aboriginals where learning tends to be ‘fragmented and theoretical’ (Santoro, 2007). Thi s highlights the need for teachersRead MoreThe Classroom Environment Should Look And Feel Welcoming For All Children949 Words   |  4 Pages Diversity is what makes each person in a classroom different from each other, even though you could be the same color of the person sitting next you, does not mean you are the same. The classroom environment should look and feel welcoming for all children. So it can show the diversity of the world in which we live in. Children should be provided with essential information about who they are and what is important, making an effort for this to happen creates a setting that is rich in possibilitiesRead MoreTexas Schools and DIversity Essay1641 Words   |  7 PagesIn 2007-2008, Texas schools had a large ethnic distribution of students. Specifically, African American students made up 14.3% of the overall student population; the Hispanic student population was 47.2%; and 34.8% of the student population was White. The smallest groups represented included Native American and Asian/Pacific Islanders with Native American students and teachers representing only 0.3% of students (Texas Educa tion Agency, 2009). According to demographic projections, minority populations

Sociological Foundation of Education - 1734 Words

A short paper on Sociological Foundation of Education -By Gopi Chandra Upreti M. Phil. Development Studies, KUSOED Kathmandu, Nepal. Introduction Education is a process of learning. It is a kind of method to get knowledge in human life. As John Dewey said education ‘brings out all capabilities’ of human beings. It helps us to live our life independently. Accordingly, Socrates said that education has taken out our ideas from ‘innate capabilities’ so that we can know everything of the world. Education has certain functions as we observe its nature. The nature of education can be divided into four groups. They are: formal, non-formal and informal; general and specific; direct and indirect; and individual and collective. These educations†¦show more content†¦Emile Durkheim analyzed it from functional perspective. It means education has been used to continue the social structure or hierarchies in the society. Or it is the language of the ruler to teach his subjects. Moreover, education has also been taken as to liberate society. It makes people aware about society and his rights. So the people feel liberated by getting education. J. J. Rousseau was the founder of such liberal movement of education. On the other hand, feminists took it as the vehicle to continue male domination in society. They think that education is lopsided and it only supports the norms of patriarchy and suppressed women. Simon de Beauvoir is a famous feminist who have popularized the movement w ith the publication of her book ‘The Second Sex.’ Similarly, social democratic perspective takes education as the factor of implementing democratic rule in the society. They are nearby the liberalists. They think that education can implant knowledge of democracy in any society so people can feel liberated. Likewise, some scholars take the purpose of education from conflict perspective. Karl Marx was the founder of such movement. They take education as a seed of conflict because it makes people aware about their rights. Finally, Interactionist, George H. Mead, focused education as a phenomenon of doing interaction among people. It teaches different cultures of different people and they are being interacted with the help ofShow MoreRelatedPhilosophy of Physical Education1219 Words   |  5 PagesEach and every person has a different view of what physical education really is. â€Å"Is it education in sport?† asks Siedentop â€Å"Is it fitness education? Is it social development? Is it development through risk and adventure? Is it movement? Instead,† he says, â€Å"it is all of these things – and maybe more?† (1998, p.237). Whereas Wuest and Butcher feel that physical activity is â€Å"a means to help individuals acquire skills, fitness, knowledge, and attitudes that contribute to their optimal development andRead MoreHarriet Martineau, The Founding Mother Of Sociology924 Words   |  4 Pagesand nineteenth centuries, the sociological field was dominated mostly by men. It was not until the late 1800s that a woman, Harriet Martineau, emerged as the founding mother of sociology. Inspired by Auguste Comte’s perspectives on positivism, Martineau advocated the use of scientific method and logic in sociological findings. She brought her sociological thought and studies to the United States and added a feminist voice to the field; calling for suffrage and education, she used applied sociologyRead MoreThe Suicide Of North Carolina900 Words   |  4 Pagesof death in North Carolina. M embers of the community identified as having the highest suicide attempts and deaths are between the ages 10-24 and 45-64 (American Foundation for Suicide Prevention 2015). Also, out of these attempts and deaths, white men compose approximately seventy percent of those numbers across America (Amer. Foundation for Suicide Preven. 2015; NC Dept. of Health and Human Services 2012, 2013); this rate disproportionately places white men at a higher risk within their gender andRead MoreThe Sociological Effects of Residential Schools Essay969 Words   |  4 PagesChristianised and assimilated into the mainstream Canadian culture. (CBC, 2014) In the film Education as We See It, some Aboriginals were interviewed about their own experiences in residential schools. When examining the general topic of the film, conflict theory is the best paradigm that will assist in understanding the social implications of residential schools. The film can also be illustrated by many sociological concepts such as agents of socialization, class inequality, and language as a culturalRead MoreDiscrimination Based On Sexual Orientation Essay1721 Words   |  7 Pageswomen may still fall behind, but education is a different story. In education, there has been a transition of the gender gap: women are surpassing men. Evidence as far back as the 1950s and 1960s show how girls have performed better in school than boys. (Buchmann, McDaniel, DiPrete, 2008). By 1982, women were statistically earning more bachelor degrees than men. (Jacobs, 1996). Fifteen percent of boys in the U.S. are considered to be underachieving in education, compared to girls who are at nineRead More Common Sense vs Sociological Sense Essay1574 Words   |  7 Pagescome to the conclusion that sociology is merely, ‘the study of the obvious’ and the application of common sense, this statement could not be further from the truth. Common sense derives from statements such as, ‘opposites attract’, however the Sociological sense takes this belief and carries out numerous tests to discover whether it is fact, or fiction. Bauman regards common sense knowledge and common sense understandings as powerful social mechanisms which can fundamentally shape attitudes aboutRead MoreIp3 Crime Causation1535 Words   |  7 PagesUnit 3 Crime Causation CRJS105-1201A-03 By Erika.Esquer1 1/22/2012 American InterContinental University Online Abstract This essay will focus on sociological theories of crime and their description, the strengths and weaknesses of each; sociological control theory, strain theory, differential association theory and neutralization theory. This essay will also focus on Rajartnam who was convicted for inside trading in 2011. Introduction A different approach to criminological theory wasRead MoreGlt1 Task 2 Essay676 Words   |  3 PagesChild Hunger in America By Western Governors University Abstract The United States faces many social problems. One of these problems is child hunger. It has sociological origins and challenges for government and citizens alike. Social Problem The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) reports 16.7 million children under the age of eighteen live in a household whereRead MoreA Research Study Of Sociology1708 Words   |  7 Pageshouse to participate in philosophical conversation with him quickly realized that he was compassionate and sensitive (Wolff, 1960). After Durkheim completed his significant doctoral thesis, The Division of Labor and his treatise The Rules of Sociological Method, a professorship of social science was created for him at the University of Bordeaux in 1887. Then in 1896, Durkheim founded the academic journal, L Annee Sociologique. The L Annee Sociologique was not a regular academic journal but aRead MoreAntecedents in the Life of Bob Ansett1453 Words   |  6 PagesTopic: Personal, sociological and environmental antecedents have been identified in the entrepreneurial business. You are to find an article on an entrepreneur in a tourism or hospitality business and discuss your entrepreneur’s personal, sociological and environmental antecedents. Personal, sociological and environmental antecedents experienced by an individual and the consequences of these antecedents are critical in determining whether that individual has the capacity to become an entrepreneur

Revolutionary War And The Beggining Of The New Rep Essay Example For Students

Revolutionary War And The Beggining Of The New Rep Essay ublic My Understanding of the American Revolutionary War and The Beginnings of the New Republic The American Revolution was inevitably going to occur, but was how the American Indians treated really inevitable or just another sign of the colonists greed? Throughout the American colonists stay in America they consistently had a hunger for land that was not theirs and always wanted more land than they agreed to take in various agreements, contracts and treaties. It seemed that there was no way that American Indians would be able to appease the colonists. The colonists in general were greedy. Regardless of what the subject matter, if the colonists felt they were being done an injustice they retaliated and whined until they got their way. Before the American Revolution occurred, England and the American colonists were able to live and prosper peacefully without even considering a break for thirteen years prior to the shot heard around the world. The idea of England and the colonists fighting was even explained to the American Indians as a quarrel between father and son. It was a family quarrel and most people from outside the family did not want to get involved in it. As time went by the French and even the American Indians managed to choose sides to fight on however. For the most part the colonists were just transplanted English men and women. The colonists largely just wanted to be recognized in English politics or even just as gentlemen. The American colonies were set up as English outposts and what happened within these outposts modeled what occurred daily in England. In time however the colonists would realize that England thought of the colonists as less than Englishmen. It seemed that the colonists could never quite get it right, or do it well enough. Whatever it was, was exactly what the colonists wanted and it annoyed the colonists that they could never accomplish that task. For the most part those people trying to obtain this goal of English status were those colonists in the upper class in colonial standings. Even though America was seen as a place of opportunity it still held class separation. Everyone was expected to know their place, the colonial gentlemen knew theirs, as did the women and the working class, and the slaves were expected to learn their place among society. The primary purpose of these films is to inform. They are set up to give us the facts from different parts of the same story. Liberty Part I is focused on what was occurring in the colonies that contributed to the occurrence of the Revolution. Liberty Part II is about what actually happened during the American Revolution. Africans in the Americas focused on what was going in with Africans in the colonies at this time and how their lives were being affected by the Revolution. The Revolution and the Iroquois Confederacy was about the creation of the Iroquois confederacy and how it was pulled apart initially by necessity during the French and Indian war and than by pressure from both the Americans and than the English and eventually each other during the American Revolution. This film discusses how the aforementioned happened and what happened to the confederacy and its members as a result of being separated from their peaceful union of nations. Washington; The Man Who Would Not Be King is focused on how Washington developed from a man who wanted nothing more than to serve as an officer in the British army to one who was able to make decisions that required sacrifice. Jefferson; A View from The Mountain is about Thomas Jefferson, his background and what happened to him during the course of the time period these films address. I do feel that the biggest point that this particular film got across was that Jefferson was undergoing a huge personal struggle about the concept of slavery. All of the subjects of these films tie together to inform us of the true and complete story of what happened in the years preceding the Revolutionary War and those that followed it during the creation of the United States of America, the presidency, and the Constitution. The films let us know about various .

Research Paper on Volleyball free essay sample

Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net. Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other teams court under organized rules. [1]  It has been a part of the official program of the Summer Olympic Games since 1964. The complete  rules  are extensive. But simply, play proceeds as follows: a player on one of the teams begins a rally by serving the ball (tossing or releasing it and then hitting it with a hand or arm), from behind the back boundary line of the court, over the net, and into the receiving teams court. The receiving team must not let the ball be grounded within their court. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Volleyball or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The team may touch the ball up to 3 times but individual players may not touch the ball twice consecutively. Typically, the first two touches are used to set up for an attack, an attempt to direct the ball back over the net in such a way that the serving team is unable to prevent it from being grounded in their court. The rally continues, with each team allowed as many as three consecutive touches, until either (1): a team makes a  kill, grounding the ball on the opponents court and winning the rally; or (2): a team commits a  fault  and loses the rally. The team that wins the rally is awarded a point, and serves the ball to start the next rally. A few of the most common faults include: causing the ball to touch the ground or floor outside the opponents court or without first passing over the net; catching and throwing  the ball; double hit: two consecutive contacts with the ball made by the same player; four consecutive contacts with the ball made by the same team; net foul: touching the net during play;foot fault: the foot crosses over the boundary line when serving. The ball is usually played with the hands or arms, but players can legally strike or push (short contact) the ball with any part of the body. A number of consistent  techniques  have evolved in volleyball, including  spiking  and  blocking  (because these plays are made above the top of the net, the  vertical jump  is an athletic skill emphasized in the sport) as well as  passing,  setting, and specialized player positions and offensive and defensive structures.

Nike Marketing Strategy free essay sample

The company truly came from humble beginnings as Knight sold their products from his car during track meets. During that same year the company reached a healthy profit of $8,000 and in two short years Bowerman and Knight opened its first retail store along Pico Boulevard in Santa Monica, California. In 1971, Blue Ribbon Sports severed its ties with Onitsuka Tiger and decided to create their own line of footwear. In the summer of the same year, they released their first shoe which carried the famous â€Å"Swoosh† design called Nike, a name inspired by the Greek goddess of victory.With the popularity of their first sneaker, Blue Ribbon Sports released its first line of Nike Shoes in 1972; however it was not until 1978 when the founders officially named the company Nike. Nike’s first original product was derived from Bowerman’s â€Å"Waffle† design. Bowerman conceived of different outsoles that would grip nicely to the new urethane track of the Hayward Field of the University of Oregon. We will write a custom essay sample on Nike Marketing Strategy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Then, one Sunday morning, he got the ingenious idea of pouring liquid urethane into his wife’s waffle iron.This experiment became the forerunner of Bowerman’s famous 1974 Waffle Trainer. After just 16 years in the biz, Nike dominated over 50% of the market share in the US athletic shoe market. As a result, Nike went public in December 1980. The company attributes its marketing success to its â€Å"word of foot† (taken from a Nike slogan in the late 1970’s) style of advertising, rather than expensive television commercials. In October 1982, the company aired its first national television ad during the New York Marathon broadcast. The ad was created by Wieden Kennedy, an agency based in Portland, Oregon. Dan Wieden, co-founder of the ad agency, was the one who thought of Nike’s famous slogan, â€Å"Just Do It,† which was used in a 1988 Nike campaign. The slogan, considered as one of the top five slogans of the 20th century, debuted in print media in July 1, 1988 on the pages of the San Franciscan Walt Stack. Retired Basketball icon Michael Jordan with his world-famous Air Jordan shoe. Now, Nike is the leading authority in sports equipment.Nike products range from track running shoes, jerseys, shorts, and base layers for athletes from different sport disciplines such as basketball, baseball, football, volleyball, tennis, golf, cycling, track and field, wrestling, lacrosse, and cheerleading. By diversifying their product line, the company was able to peruse a wide range of athletic sponsorships for a different array of sports. Some notable Nike endorsers include basketball legend Michael Jordan, tennis champion Roger Federer and golf star Tiger Woods.Nike has also produced urban fashion clothing which has been popular with the youth. Recently, Nike has collaborated with Apple to come up a device which monitors a runner’s accomplishment through a radio device in the shoe which networks with the iPod nano. Apart from popular products such as the Michael Jordan line, Nike has come up with special shoes for extreme sports such as skateboarding. Also the company’s innovative attitude toward footwear design and composition continues to flourish with Nike’s latest development of weight reducing components: the Flywire and Lunarlite foam.

American Way essays

American Way essays There's nothing more ingrained in the American value system than work ethic that involves the notion that hard work will lead to the fulfillment of the American dream, economic success. According to the New York Times (Schmitt, 2001), there's ample evidence to suggest that American hard work is paying off as evidenced by a sharp increase in living standards shown by census data for the 1990s.[1] The proof provided by the article includes: An increase in high school and college graduates An increase in people owning cars, with eighteen percent owning three bigger homes, with an increase in the number of houses with seven growing family incomes However, books such as Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal (Schlosser, 2001)[2] and Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting by in America (Ehrenreich, 2002)[3] dispute the claims of The New York Times. These works argue that working class people are now working longer, harder hours than ever before with little reward or hope for a better future. These books claim that hard work may be the American way, but it is certainly not to key to the American dream. Schlosser describes the "deskilling" of fast food jobs and the grueling labor involved. Fast food jobs have their origins in the assembly line systems adopted by American manufacturers in the early twentieth century (Schlosser, p. 68). In a restaurant assembly line, tasks are broken up into small, repetitive bits requiring little or no skill, while machines and operating systems do the things that require timing and training (Schlosser, p. 69). In the chapter called Behind the Counter, Elisa, is a sixteen year old fast food worker who must get up at 5:15 in the morning to arrive at work on time. She and her manager open the restaurant by turning on the ovens and grills and getting the food and ...

Function of place in Mad Max 2 by Georgre Miller 1981 (film) Movie Review

Function of place in Mad Max 2 by Georgre Miller 1981 (film) - Movie Review Example The cinematography of Mad Max 2 makes very little use of interiors but instead invites the audience to a wide open desert space, reminiscent of the blue skies, red sand and rugged canyons that were common in traditional westerns. The characters in their black leather or white canvas clothing move around this desolate space, and the impression that is given is deliberately edgy and harsh. The sun beats down on the settlers’ camp, and the bikers circle like marauding Indians, and all of the humans appear to be in a frontier between civilization and a deadly wilderness. The way the camera approaches the action is very different from the predictable and safe western style, however. Car chases are filmed with the camera low to the ground, and the vehicles approaching at speed and this draws the audience right into the danger. The main character played by Mel Gibson, is a drifter, neither one of the robbers, nor one of the homesteaders with their homely pigs and chickens. This locat ion does not symbolize the pioneers taming the wilderness, but rather the wilderness has the upper hand and the settlers are very much at its mercy. This film uses location to underline the destructiveness of industrialization and the precariousness of human survivors after an apocalyptic war.

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Research Paper Example Bauerlein claims, â€Å"The digital age stupefies young Americans while at the same time jeopardizing their future† because of the technological advancements they have adopted (Bauerlein 3). In his book, Bauerlein argues that what the teachers are offering and the available information on internet not sufficient. This makes him refer to it as the dumbest generation, with allegation that their overdependence on media technology has them less intellect compared to generations before them. Bauerlein’s argument, however, is not true because what the teachers are offering and the available information on internet is sufficient for the generation under 30 years. In his book, Bauerlein accuses the teenagers for their lack of knowledge and intelligence, poor scholastic-effort and lack of ability to be attentive unless stimulated constantly. The author presents arguments, which are rich in disappointment, emotion, and despair to express the negativities associated with technological advancements towards the young generation. Bauerlein clearly presents his arguments to prove his point that this generation has been affected to an extent that it cannot understand that it is dumb. He tries to convince the adults that the young generation should agree that they are the dumbest generation. Basing argument from Bauerlein’s school of thought, it is clear that he does not acknowledge the intelligence and knowledge that the generation under 30 is obtaining from use of technology. Bauerlein has not focused his attention on the behaviors, attitudes, and moralities of the young Americans and the things they have engaged themselves into. He also does not focus on the contributions of technology to the lives of the young generation. This is a clear indication that Bauerlein lacks sufficient evidence to support his claim that the information on the internet is making the dumbest generation less

ENVS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

ENVS - Essay Example Hayes, astrazine cause development of ovaries in male frogs. One advantage of animal testing is that it helps researchers to discover treatments for both animals and humans. One of the disadvantages of animal testing is that it can be misleading since animals may react to drugs in different ways as humans. In addition, animal testing leads to mistreatment of animals. Testing on animals is justified because it has helped researchers to discover many effective treatments. Additionally, animals should be used because their lives have less value compared to humans. Testing upon animals can give accurate results because the bodies of most animals used for tests function like humans. Scientists have proved that lab animals and humans do not have big difference. In addition, most of the drugs used today were discovered through animals testing. For instance, antibiotics and HIV drugs used by humans today gave positive results when tested on animals. Other methods of testing are less effective compared to animal testing. In addition, surgery and organ transplant techniques used on humans today were acquired through animals testing. Tyrone says that rats are the most relevant animals used to simulate humans in laboratories. Humans cannot be used in labs tests because it will be unethical to expose to humans chemicals during lab tests. According to him, the use of rats produces accurate results because rats have regular reproduction, genetic purity and many resemblances to human biology (Hayes). If I were a farmer, would not use atrazine to increase my crop yield. This is because the herbicide will only increase yields for a short period since it causes land degradation. Additionally, it will negatively affect my health. Research outcomes show that it causes obesity and cell mutation. Additional ways of increasing crop yield apart from using chemicals encompass organic farming. In organic farming, one uses decomposed animal products or plants to fertilize

Contribution Of Media In Society Media Essay

Contribution Of Media In Society Media Essay Media is very important to the society. People are using the media to get the news or information from television, radio and video. For example, television is a source of media that has strong influence on society today. According to the survey, people mostly spend their time on television and internet for getting news and for entertainment. But the impacts of television and computer have both positive and negative. For the advantages of television and internet, we can get the news and information quickly and more convenient. And some time, we also can have some entertainment for relax. We also can keep connect to our friend from other place by internet. Media also can help us keep up with the trend of the society. Most company will use the media to promote their companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s product. With the impact of media, their product will soon be all well known. We also can use media to promote the health awareness to the society to help the people gain the knowledge to know what will affect their health. Furthermore, we also can use media to teach the people about the knowledge of self-defenses. For example, we can see the video of self-defenses on television in our home or the small television on the train. The video will teach the female how to protect themselves when they facing a robber. The media play an important role to tell us the truth of everything that happens in our society. Besides that, media is not only delivering the information to us. It also will affect our thinking patterns. For example, if we let our children watch the moral educational program; they will learn some moral value from the program. Furthermore, they also will know what their responsibilities to the society are. Media also will provide some entertainment to the people. When you feel stress, you can go to the internet and find some music to hear or just watching the movie from internet. And the most important thing is we can save the money for go to the cinema to watch a movie. Media also can help we stay connect with our friends and family. Now have many social media like Facebook and Twitter, we can share our new feeds, photo and video to our friends and family. Some companies also use the social media to communicate to their sponsor or their stakeholder. For another example, we also can use the mobile phone to text messages or make a call to the others. Besides that, the media affect people not only through television. They also use the radio and newspaper to deliver the information of the society to the people. The advertising media is a communication of marketing and used to promote something. This type of media can make the product become more vivid and attractiveness to attract people comes to buy their product. Because of this, this type of media plays an important role to the company. Then, the broadcasting media is a distribution of audio and video content, it usually used for a radio. The radio is using this type of media to send out the informat ion (voice and sound) to the people so the people can get the information when they turn on the radio. Furthermore, digital media also helps the people doing their computer job. For example, they may save their information in the hard drives for future use, because hard drives also known as a digital media. Then, the electronic media is used for electronic communication, such as television, radio, telephone, desktop computer and more. Next is the hypermedia, it is a generally non-linear medium of information because it was created by graphic, audio, video, plain text and hyperlinks intertwine. There have some computer program are using this media, such as Adobe Player, Adobe Director, Macromedia Authorware and more. Then we will talk about the multimedia. The multimedia is usually used to record and play, and it is a combination of text, audio, still images, animation, video, or interactivity content form. And the multimedia devices are electronic devices used to store and experience multimedia content. The mass media is very important to the society also because people mostly get the news or information from the mass media. The mass media is using the broadcast media to transmit their information electronically and comprises television, radio, and firm. Besides that, print media use a physical object as a mean of sending their information, such as newspaper, comic, magazine and more. Other than that, mass media also included in in internet media, due to many mass media services it provides, such as e-mail, websites, blogging and more. By this reason, people also can get the information on the internet. Another example is the outdoor media. The outdoor media is a mass media that comprises billboards, signs, placards placed inside or outside the shopping mall and more. Now the media mostly is digital media so the media become very more important to us already. Come to today, media has become as important as food and clothing. There is no denial that the media is playing important roles in our life. With the medium of media whether it is radio, television, newspaper or internet, we are able to connect with the world or a large number of people around us. Especially is the internet, people are using the internet every day to search something or working. If without internet, we may feel missing something in our life. Conclusion, media is playing an important role in our society. With the effect of media, we can get to know the information or the problem that we are facing now in our society, so media has a huge contribution to our society.

Dangers of Online Dating Essay

In this article the author was relating teenage obesity to some of the dangerous activities that teens may be experimenting with. The authors theory was that since sometimes teenagers who are obese may be socially isolated, they may do things to try to fit in with the crowd. Also being socially isolated may cause stress. Some of these things may include experimenting with drugs and alcohol. One of these drugs might be cigarettes which can become very dangerous to an obese person because of the health risks involved. And it was said that although skinnier girls are more likely to have ever had sex, it was said that when an obese girl did have intercourse it will be more likely to happen under the influence of drugs and/or alcohol. Both of those are dangerous and cause these girls to be at risk or pregnancy or STD’s. This article could affect many of the overweight girls that are on this college campus. I believe that many people are introduced to the drug and alcohol world around this time in their life. And in college you need to protect yourself twice as much if you decide to engage in those activities, especially if you are at a college party or in a unfamiliar setting. Also many students start feeling the stress when they come to college and realize the work load. A way of coping with stress is substance use. Therefore, once again every body needs to be safe and smart when it comes to drug and alcohol use. The safest way is not to use drugs and alcohol. It ensures sober sex and a sober safe night.

Convention on Road Traffice

CONVENTION ON ROAD TRAFFIC The Contracting Parties, Desiring to facilitate international road traffic and to increase road safety through the adoption of uniform traffic rules, Have agreed upon the following provisions: Chapter I GENERAL PROVISIONS ARTICLE 1 Definitions For the purpose of this Convention the following expressions shall have the meanings hereby assigned to them: (a) The â€Å"domestic legislation† of a Contracting Party means the entire body of national or local laws and regulations in force in the territory of that Contracting Party; b) A vehicle is said to be â€Å"in international traffic† in the territory of a State if: (i) (ii) (iii) It is owned by a natural or legal person normally resident outside that State; It is not registered in that State; and It is temporarily imported into that State; provided, however, that a Contracting Party may refuse to regard as being â€Å"in international traffic† a vehicle which has remained in its territory for more than one year without a substantial interruption, the duration of which may be fixed by that Contracting Party.A combination of vehicles is said to be â€Å"in international traffic† if at least one of the vehicles in the combination conforms to the above definition; (c) â€Å"Built-up area† means an area with entries and exits signposted as such, or otherwise defined in domestic legislation; -3- specially (d) traffic; â€Å"Road† means the entire surface of any way or street open to public (e) â€Å"Carriageway† means the part of a road normally used by vehicular traffic; a road may comprise several carriageways clearly separated from one another by, for example, a dividing strip or a difference of level; (f)On carriageways where one or more side lanes or tracks are reserved for use by certain vehicles, â€Å"edge of the carriageway† means, for other roadusers, the edge of the remainder of the carriageway; (g) â€Å"Lane† means an y one of the longitudinal strips into which the carriageway is divisible, whether or not defined by longitudinal road markings, which is wide enough for one moving line of motor vehicles other than motor cycles; (h) â€Å"Intersection† means any level crossroad, junction or fork, including the open areas formed by such crossroads, junctions or forks; (i) Level-crossing† means any level intersection between a road and a railway or tramway track with its own track formation; (j) â€Å"Motorway† means a road specially designed and built for traffic, which does not serve properties bordering on it, and which: motor (i) Is provided, except at special points or temporarily, with separate carriageways for the two directions of traffic, separated from each other either by a dividing strip not intended for traffic or, exceptionally, by other means; (ii) Does not cross at level with any road, railway or tramway track, or footpath; and iii) (k) Is specially signposted as a motorway; A vehicle is said to be: (i) â€Å"Standing† if it is stationary for the time needed to pick up or set down persons or to load or unload goods; and (ii) â€Å"Parked† if it is stationary for any reason other than the need to avoid interference with another road-user or collision with an obstruction or to comply with traffic regulations, and if the period during which the vehicle is stationary is not limited to the time needed to pick up or set down persons or goods;Nevertheless, it shall be open to Contracting Parties to regard as â€Å"standing† any vehicle which is stationary within the meaning of subparagraph (ii) above for a period not exceeding that fixed by domestic legislation, and to regard as â€Å"parked† any vehicle which is stationary within the meaning of subparagraph (i) above for a period exceeding that fixed by domestic legislation; -4- (l) â€Å"Cycle† means any vehicle which has at least two wheels and is propelled solel y by the muscular energy of the persons on that vehicle, in particular by means of pedals or hand-cranks; (m) Moped† means any two-wheeled or three-wheeled vehicle which is fitted with an internal combustion engine having a cylinder capacity not exceeding 50 cc and a maximum design speed not exceeding 50 km (30 miles) per hour. Contracting Parties are free, however, not to regard as mopeds, under their domestic legislation, vehicles which do not have the characteristics of a cycle with respect to their use, in particular the characteristic that they can be propelled by pedals, or whose maximum design speed, whose mass, or certain of whose engine characteristics exceed certain limits.Nothing in this definition shall be construed as preventing Contracting Parties from treating mopeds exactly as cycles in applying the provisions of their domestic legislation regarding road traffic; (n) â€Å"Motor cycle† means any two-wheeled vehicle, with or without a sidecar, which is eq uipped with a propelling engine. Contracting Parties may also treat as motor cycles in their domestic legislation three-wheeled vehicles whose unladen mass does not exceed 400 kg. The term â€Å"motor cycle† does not include mopeds, although Contracting Parties may, rovided they make a declaration to this effect in conformity with Article 54, paragraph 2, of this Convention, treat mopeds as motor cycles for the purposes of the Convention; (o) â€Å"Power-driven vehicle† means any self-propelled road vehicle, other than a moped in the territories of Contracting Parties which do not treat mopeds as motor cycles, and other than a rail-borne vehicle; (p) â€Å"Motor vehicle† means any power-driven vehicle which is normally used for carrying persons or goods by road or for drawing, on the road, vehicles used for the carriage of persons or goods.This term embraces trolley-buses, that is to say, vehicles connected to an electric conductor and not rail-borne. It does no t cover vehicles, such as agricultural tractors, which are only incidentally used for carrying persons or goods by road or for drawing, on the road, vehicles used for the carriage of persons or goods; (q) â€Å"Trailer† means any vehicle designed to be drawn by a power-driven vehicle and includes semi-trailers; (r) Semi-trailer† means any trailer designed to be coupled to a motor vehicle in such a way that part of it rests on the motor vehicle and that a substantial part of its mass and of the mass of its load is borne by the motor vehicle; (s) â€Å"Light trailer† means any trailer of a permissible maximum mass not exceeding 750 kg; (t) â€Å"Combination of vehicles† means coupled vehicles which travel on the road as a unit; (u) â€Å"Articulated vehicle† means a combination of vehicles comprising a motor vehicle and semi-trailer coupled to the motor vehicle; -5- (v) Driver† means any person who drives a motor vehicle or other vehicle (includ ing a cycle), or who guides cattle, singly or in herds, or flocks, or draught, pack or saddle animals on a road; (w) â€Å"Permissible maximum mass† means the maximum mass of the laden vehicle declared permissible by the competent authority of the State in which the vehicle is registered; (x) â€Å"Unladen mass† means the mass of the vehicle without crew, passengers or load, but with a full supply of fuel and with the tools which the vehicle normally carries; (y) â€Å"Laden mass† means the actual mass of the vehicle as loaded, with the crew and passengers on board; z) â€Å"Direction of traffic† and â€Å"appropriate to the direction of traffic† mean the right-hand side if, under domestic legislation, the driver of a vehicle must allow an oncoming vehicle to pass on his left; otherwise these expressions mean the left-hand side; (aa) The requirement that a driver shall â€Å"give way† to other vehicles means that he must not continue or resu me his advance or manoeuvre if by so doing he might compel the drivers of other vehicles to change the direction or speed of their vehicle abruptly. ARTICLE 2 Annexes to the Convention The Annexes to this Convention, namely,Annex 1: Exceptions to the obligation to trailers in international traffic; Annex 2: Registration number of international traffic; motor Annex 3: Distinguishing sign of international traffic; motor Annex 4: Identification marks of international traffic; Annex 5: Technical conditions concerning motor vehicles and trailers; Annex 6: Domestic driving permit; and Annex 7: International driving permit; are integral parts of this Convention. -6- motor admit motor vehicles and vehicles and trailers in vehicles and trailers in vehicles and trailers in ARTICLE 3Obligations of the Contracting Parties 1. (a) Contracting Parties shall take appropriate measures to ensure that the rules of the road in force in their territories conform in substance to the provisions of Chapter II of this Convention. Provided that the said rules are in no way incompatible with the said provisions: (i) The said rules need not reproduce any of the said provisions which are applicable to situations that do not arise in the territories of the Contracting Parties in question; (ii) The said rules may include provisions not contained in the said Chapter II. (b)The provisions of this paragraph do not require Contracting Parties to provide penalties for any violation of those provisions of Chapter II which are reproduced in their rules of the road. 2. (a) Contracting Parties shall also take appropriate measures to ensure that the rules in force in their territories concerning the technical requirements to be satisfied by motor vehicles and trailers conform to the provisions of Annex 5 to this Convention; provided that they are in no way contrary to the safety principles governing the provisions of Annex 5, the said rules may contain provisions not contained in Annex 5.Contracting Parties shall also take appropriate measures to ensure that motor vehicles and trailers registered in their territories conform to the provisions of Annex 5 to this Convention when entering international traffic. (b) The provisions of this paragraph do not impose any obligations on the Contracting Parties with respect to the rules in force in their territories concerning the technical requirements to be satisfied by power-driven vehicles which are not motor vehicles within the meaning of this Convention. 3.Subject to the exceptions provided for in Annex 1 to this Convention, Contracting Parties shall be bound to admit to their territories in international traffic motor vehicles and trailers which fulfil the conditions laid down in Chapter III of this Convention and whose drivers fulfil the conditions laid down in Chapter IV; they shall also be bound to recognize registration certificates issued in accordance with the provisions of Chapter III as prima facie evidence that the vehicle s to which they refer fulfil the conditions laid down in the said Chapter III. 4.Measures which the Contracting Parties have taken or may take, either unilaterally or under bilateral or multilateral agreements, to admit to their territories in international traffic motor vehicles and trailers that do not satisfy all the conditions stated in Chapter III of this Convention and to recognize, in cases other than those specified in Chapter IV, the validity in their territories of driving permits issued in the territory of another Contracting Party shall be deemed to be in conformity with the object of this Convention. -7- 5. Contracting Parties shall be bound to admit to their territories in nternational traffic cycles and mopeds which fulfil the technical conditions laid down in Chapter V of this Convention and whose drivers have their normal residence in the territory of another Contracting Party. No Contracting Party shall require the drivers of cycles or mopeds in international traff ic to hold a driving permit; however, Contracting Parties which have declared in conformity with Article 54, paragraph 2, of this Convention that they treat mopeds as motor cycles may require the drivers of mopeds in international traffic to hold a driving permit. bis. Contracting Parties will take the necessary measures to ensure that road safety education be provided on a systematic and continuous basis, particularly in schools at all levels. 5 ter. Whenever driving instruction for learner drivers is provided by professional driving establishments, domestic legislation shall lay down minimum requirements concerning the curriculum and the qualifications of the personnel responsible for providing such instruction. 6.Contracting Parties undertake to communicate to any Contracting Party, which may so request, the information necessary to ascertain the identity of the person in whose name a power-driven vehicle, or a trailer coupled to such a vehicle, is registered in their territories if the request submitted shows that the vehicle has been involved in an accident or the driver of this vehicle has seriously infringed road traffic rules and is thereby liable to important penalties or disqualification from driving in the territory of the Contracting Party submitting the request. . Measures which the Contracting Parties have taken or may take either unilaterally or under bilateral or multilateral agreements to facilitate international road traffic by simplifying Customs, police, health and other similar formalities or to ensure that Customs offices and posts at a given frontier point have the same competence and are kept open during the same hours shall be deemed to be in conformity with the object of this Convention. 8.Nothing in paragraphs 3, 5 and 7 of this Article shall affect the right of a Contracting Party to make the admission to its territory in international traffic of motor vehicles, trailers, mopeds and cycles, and of their drivers and occupants, subjec t to its regulations concerning the commercial carriage of passengers and goods, to its regulations concerning insurance of drivers against third-party risks, to its Customs regulations and, in general, to its regulations on matters other than road traffic. ARTICLE 4 Signs and signalsContracting Parties to this Convention which are not Contracting Parties to the Convention on Road Signs and Signals opened for signature at Vienna on the same day as this Convention undertake that: -8- (a) All road signs, traffic light signals and road markings installed in their territory shall form a coherent system and shall be designed and placed in such a way as to be easily recognizable; (b) The number of types of sign shall be limited and signs shall be placed only at points where they are deemed useful; (c)Danger warning signs shall be installed at a sufficient distance from obstructions to give drivers adequate warning; (d) It shall be prohibited: (i) To affix to a sign, to its support or to a ny other traffic control device anything not related to the purpose of such sign or device; if, however, Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof authorize a non-profit making association to install informative signs, they may permit the emblem of that association to appear on the sign or on its support provided this does not make it less easy to understand the sign; ii) To install any board, notice, marking or device which might be confused with signs or other traffic control devices, might render them less visible or effective, or might dazzle road-users or distract their attention in a way prejudicial to traffic safety; (iii) To install on pavements and verges devices or equipment which might unnecessarily obstruct the movement of pedestrians, particularly elderly or disabled persons. Chapter II RULES OF THE ROAD ARTICLE 5 Status of signs and signals 1.Road-users shall comply with the instructions conveyed by road signs, traffic light signals and road markings even if the said instructions appear to contradict other traffic regulations. 2. Instructions conveyed by traffic light signals shall take precedence over those conveyed by road signs regulating priority. ARTICLE 6 Instructions given by authorized officials 1. When they are directing traffic, authorized officials shall be easily identifiable at a distance, at night as well as by day. -9- 2.Road-users shall promptly officials directing traffic. obey all instructions given by authorized 3. It is recommended that domestic legislation should provide that directions given by authorized officials directing traffic shall include the following: (a) Arm raised upright: this gesture shall mean â€Å"attention, stop† for all road-users except drivers who are no longer able to stop with sufficient safety; further, if made at an intersection, this gesture shall not require drivers already on the intersection to stop; (b)Arm or arms outstretched horizontally; this gesture shall constitute a stop signal fo r all road-users approaching from any direction which would cut across that indicated by the outstretched arm or arms; after making this gesture, the authorized official directing traffic may lower his arm or arms; this gesture shall likewise constitute a stop signal for drivers in front of or behind the official; (c) Swinging red light: this gesture shall constitute a stop signal for road-users towards whom the light is directed. 4.The instructions given by authorized officials directing traffic shall take precedence over those conveyed by road signs, traffic light signals and road markings, and over traffic regulations. ARTICLE 7 General rules 1. Road-users shall avoid any behaviour likely to endanger or obstruct traffic, to endanger persons, or to cause damage to public or private property. 2. It is recommended that domestic legislation should provide that road-users shall not obstruct traffic or risk making it dangerous by throwing, depositing or leaving any object or substance on the road or by creating any other obstruction on the road.If road-users have been unable to avoid creating an obstruction or danger in that way, they shall take the necessary steps to remove it as soon as possible and, if they cannot remove it immediately, to warn other road-users of its presence. 3. Drivers shall show extra care in relation to the most vulnerable road-users, such as pedestrians and cyclists and in particular children, elderly persons and the disabled. 4. Drivers shall take care that their vehicles do not inconvenience road-users or the occupants of properties bordering on the road, for example, by causing noise or raising dust or smoke where they can avoid doing so. . The wearing of safety belts is compulsory for drivers and passengers of motor vehicles, occupying seats equipped with such belts, save where exceptions are granted by domestic legislation. – 10 – ARTICLE 8 Drivers 1. Every moving vehicle or combination of vehicles shall have a driver. 2. It is recommended that domestic legislation should provide that pack, draught or saddle animals, and, except in such special areas as may be marked at the entry, cattle, singly or in herds, or flocks, shall have a driver. . Every driver shall possess the necessary physical and mental ability and be in a fit physical and mental condition to drive. 4. Every driver of a power-driven vehicle shall possess the knowledge and skill necessary for driving the vehicle; however, this requirement shall not be a bar to driving practice by learner-drivers in conformity with domestic legislation. 5. Every driver shall at all times be able to control his vehicle or to guide his animals. ARTICLE 9 Flocks and herdsIt is recommended that domestic legislation should provide that, save where exceptions are granted to facilitate their mass movement, flocks and herds should be divided into sections of moderate length spaced sufficiently far apart for the convenience of traffic. ARTICLE 10 Position on the carriageway 1. The direction of traffic shall be the same on all roads in a State except, where appropriate, on the roads used solely or principally by through traffic between two other States. 2. Animals moving along the carriageway shall be kept as close as possible to the edge of the carriageway appropriate to the direction of traffic. 3.Without prejudice to the provisions to the contrary of Article 7, paragraph 1, Article 11, paragraph 6, and to other provisions of this Convention to the contrary, every driver of a vehicle shall, to the extent permitted by circumstances, keep his vehicle near the edge of the carriageway appropriate to the direction of traffic. However, Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof may lay down more precise rules concerning the position of goods vehicles on the carriageway. 4. Where a road comprises two or three carriageways, no driver shall take the carriageway situated on the side opposite to that appropriate to the direction of traffic. 11 à ¢â‚¬â€œ 5. (a) On two-way carriageways having four or more lanes, no driver shall take the lanes situated entirely on the half of the carriageway opposite to the side appropriate to the direction of traffic. (b) On two-way carriageways having three lanes, no driver shall take the lane situated at the edge of the carriageway opposite to that appropriate to the direction of traffic. 6. Without prejudice to the provisions of Article 11 and when an additional lane is indicated by a sign, drivers of vehicles moving slowly shall use that lane. ARTICLE 11Overtaking and movement of traffic in lines 1. (a) Drivers overtaking shall do appropriate to the direction of traffic. so on the side opposite to that (b) However drivers shall overtake on the side appropriate to the direction of traffic if the driver to be overtaken has signalled his intention to turn to the side of the carriageway opposite to that appropriate to the direction of traffic and has moved his vehicle or animals over towards that side in order to turn to that side for the purpose of taking another road, to enter a property bordering on the road, or to stop on that side. 2.Before overtaking, every driver shall, without prejudice to the provisions of Article 7, paragraph 1, or to those of Article 14, of this Convention, make sure: (a) That no driver who is following him has begun to overtake him; (b) That the driver ahead of him in the same lane has not given warning of his intention to overtake another; (c) That he can do it without endangering or interfering with the oncoming traffic making sure in particular that the lane which he will enter is free over a sufficient distance and that the relative speed of the two vehicles allows overtaking within a sufficiently short time; and d) That, except when using a lane closed to oncoming traffic, he will be able, without inconvenience to the road-user or road-users overtaken, to resume the position prescribed in Article 10, paragraph 3, of this Convention. 3. In pursuance of the provisions of paragraph 2 of this Article, overtaking on two-way carriageways is in particular prohibited when approaching the crest of a hill and, if visibility is inadequate, on bends, unless there are at these points lanes defined by longitudinal road markings and overtaking is carried out without leaving the lanes marked as closed to oncoming traffic. 4.When overtaking, a driver shall give the road-user or road-users overtaken a sufficiently wide berth. – 12 – 5. (a) On carriageways with at least two lanes reserved for traffic moving in the direction in which he is proceeding, a driver who should be obliged, immediately or shortly after moving back to the position prescribed by Article 10, paragraph 3, of this Convention, to overtake again may, in order to perform that manoeuvre, and provided he makes sure he can do so without undue inconvenience to the drivers of faster vehicles approaching from behind, remain in the lane he has occupied for th e first overtaking manoeuvre. b) However, Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof shall be free not to apply the provisions of this paragraph to the drivers of cycles, mopeds, motor cycles and vehicles which are not motor vehicles within the meaning of this Convention, or to the drivers of motor vehicles whose permissible maximum mass exceeds 3,500 kg or whose maximum speed, by design, cannot exceed 40 km (25 miles) per hour. 6.Where the provisions of subparagraph 5 (a) of this Article are applicable and the density of traffic is such that vehicles not only occupy the entire width of the carriageway reserved for traffic taking the direction in which they are moving but also are moving only at a speed which is governed by that of the vehicle preceding them in the line: (a) Without prejudice to the provisions of paragraph 9 of this Article, the movement of the vehicles in one line at a higher speed than that of those in another shall not be deemed to constitute overtaking within t he meaning of this Article; b) A driver not in the lane nearest to the edge of the carriageway appropriate to the direction of traffic may change lanes only in order to prepare to turn right or left or to park; however, this requirement shall not apply to changes of lane effected by drivers in accordance with domestic legislation resulting from the application of the provisions of paragraph 5 (b) of this Article. 7. When moving in lines as described in paragraphs 5 and 6 of this Article, drivers are forbidden, if the lanes are indicated on the carriageway by longitudinal markings, to straddle these markings. 8.Without prejudice to the provisions of paragraph 2 of this Article and to other restrictions which Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof may lay down concerning overtaking at intersections and at level-crossings, no driver of a vehicle shall overtake a vehicle other than a two-wheeled cycle, a two-wheeled moped or a two-wheeled motor cycle without side-car: (a) except: I mmediately before or on an intersection other than a roundabout, (i) In the case provided for in paragraph 1 (b) of this Article; (ii) Where the road on which overtaking takes place has priority at the intersection; iii) Where traffic is directed at the intersection by an authorized official or by traffic light signals; – 13 – (b) Immediately before or on a level-crossing not equipped with gates or half-gates, provided however that Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof shall be free to permit such overtaking at a level-crossing where road traffic is regulated by traffic light signals incorporating a positive signal authorizing vehicles to proceed. 9. A vehicle shall not overtake another vehicle which is approaching a edestrian crossing marked on the carriageway or signposted as such, or which is stopped immediately before the crossing, otherwise than at a speed low enough to enable it to stop immediately if a pedestrian is on the crossing. Nothing in this paragra ph shall be construed as preventing Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof from prohibiting overtaking within a prescribed distance from a pedestrian crossing, or from imposing stricter requirements on a driver of a vehicle proposing to overtake another vehicle stopped immediately before such a crossing. 10.A driver who perceives that a driver following him wishes to overtake him shall, except in the case provided for in Article 16, paragraph 1 (b) of this Convention, keep close to the edge of the carriageway appropriate to the direction of traffic and refrain from accelerating. If, owing to the narrowness, profile or condition of the carriageway, taken in conjunction with the density of oncoming traffic, a vehicle which is slow or bulky or is required to observe a speed limit cannot be easily and safely overtaken, the driver of such vehicle shall slow down and if necessary pull in to t e side as soon as possible in order to allow vehicles following him to overtake. 11. (a) Con tracting Parties or subdivisions thereof may, on one-way carriageways and on two-way carriageways where at least two lanes in built-up areas and three lanes outside built-up areas are reserved for traffic in the same direction and are indicated by longitudinal markings: (i) Allow vehicles in one lane to overtake on the side appropriate to the direction of traffic vehicles in another lane; and ii) Make inapplicable the provisions of Article 10, paragraph 3, of this Convention; provided that there are adequate restrictions on the possibility of changing lanes; (b) In the case referred to in subparagraph (a) of this paragraph, without prejudice to the provisions of paragraph 9 of this Article, the manner of driving provided for shall not be deemed to constitute overtaking within the meaning of this Convention.ARTICLE 12 Passing of oncoming traffic 1. When passing oncoming traffic, a driver shall leave sufficient lateral space and, if necessary, move close to the edge of the carriageway appropriate to the direction of traffic. If in so doing he finds his progress impeded by an – 14 – obstruction or by the presence of other road-users, he shall slow down and if necessary stop to allow the oncoming road-user or road-users to pass. 2.On mountain roads and steep roads with characteristics similar to those of mountain roads, where the passing of oncoming traffic is impossible or difficult, it is the driver of the vehicle travelling downhill who should pull in to the side of the road in order to allow any vehicle proceeding uphill to pass, except where the arrangement of lay-bys to enable vehicles to pull in to the side of the road is such that, having regard to the speed and position of the vehicles, the vehicle proceeding uphill has a lay-by ahead of it and the need for one of the vehicles to reverse could be avoided if the vehicle proceeding uphill pulled in to that layby.Where one of the two vehicles which are about to pass is obliged to reverse in ord er to make passing possible, this manoeuvre shall be performed by the driver of the vehicle proceeding downhill unless it can manifestly be more easily performed by the driver of the vehicle proceeding uphill. However, Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof may prescribe for certain vehicles or certain roads or sections of roads special rules differing from those laid down in this paragraph. ARTICLE 13 Speed and distance between vehicles 1. Every driver of a vehicle shall in all circumstances have his vehicle under control so as to be able to exercise due and proper care and to be at all times in a position to perform all manoeuvres required of him.He shall, when adjusting the speed of his vehicle, pay constant regard to the circumstances, in particular the lie of the land, the state of the road, the condition and load of his vehicle, the weather conditions and the density of traffic, so as to be able to stop his vehicle within his range of forward vision and short of any fores eeable obstruction. He shall slow down and if necessary stop whenever circumstances so require, and particularly when visibility is not good. 2. Domestic legislation shall establish maximum speed limits for all roads. Domestic legislation shall also determine special speed limits applicable to certain categories of vehicles presenting a special danger, in particular by reason of their mass or their load. They may establish similar provisions for certain categories of drivers, in particular for new drivers. 3.The provisions set out in the first sentence of paragraph 2 may not apply to drivers of priority vehicles referred to in article 34, paragraph 2, or vehicles treated as such in domestic legislation. 4. No driver shall impede the normal progress of other vehicles by travelling abnormally slowly without proper cause. 5. The driver of a vehicle moving behind another vehicle shall keep at a sufficient distance from that other vehicle to avoid collision if the vehicle in front should suddenly slow down or stop. 6. Outside built-up areas, in order to facilitate overtaking, drivers of vehicles or combinations of vehicles of more than 3,500 kg permissible maximum mass, or of more than 10 m overall length, shall, except when they are overtaking – 15 – r preparing to overtake, keep at such distance from power-driven vehicles ahead of them that other vehicles overtaking them can without danger move into the space in front of the overtaken vehicle. However, this provision shall not apply in very dense traffic or in circumstances where overtaking is prohibited. In addition: (a) The competent authorities may exempt certain conveys of vehicles from this provision, or may similarly make it inapplicable on roads where two lanes are allotted to traffic in the direction concerned; (b) Contracting Parties and subdivisions thereof may prescribe different figures from those given in this paragraph with respect to the vehicle characteristics concerned. ARTICLE 14 G eneral requirements governing manoeuvres 1.Any driver wishing to perform a manoeuvre such as pulling out of or into a line of parked vehicles, moving over to the right or to the left on the carriageway, or turning left or right into another road or into a property bordering on the road, shall first make sure that he can do so without risk of endangering other road-users travelling behind or ahead of him or about to pass him, having regard to their position, direction and speed. 2. Any driver wishing to make a U-turn or to reverse shall first make sure that he can do so without endangering or impeding other road-users. 3. Before turning or before a manoeuvre which involves moving laterally, the driver shall give clear and sufficient warning of his intention by means of the direction-indicator or direction-indicators on his vehicle, or, failing this, by giving if possible an appropriate signal with his arm. The warning given by the direction-indicator or direction-indicators shall con tinue to be given throughout the manoeuvre and shall cease as soon as the manoeuvre is completed. ARTICLE 15Special regulations relating to regular public-transport service vehicles It is recommended that domestic legislation should provide that in built-up areas, in order to facilitate the movement of regular public-transport service vehicles, the drivers of other vehicles shall, subject to the provisions of Article 17, paragraph 1, of this Convention, slow down and if necessary stop in order to allow the public-transport vehicles to perform the manoeuvre required for moving off from stops marked as such. The provisions thus laid down by Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof shall in no way affect the duty incumbent on drivers of public-transport vehicles to take, after having given warning by means of their direction-indicators of their intention to move off, the precautions necessary to avoid any risk of accident. – 16 – ARTICLE 16 Change of direction 1. Befor e turning right or left for the purpose of entering another road or entering a property bordering on the road, a driver shall, without prejudice to the provisions of Article 7, paragraph 1, and of Article 14, of this Convention: (a)If he wishes to turn off on the side appropriate to the direction of traffic, keep as close as possible to the edge of the carriageway appropriate to that direction and make as tight a turn as possible; (b) If he wishes to turn off on the other side, and subject to such other provisions as Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof may enact for cycles and mopeds, move as close as possible to the centreline of the carriageway if it is a two-way carriageway or to the edge opposite to the side appropriate to the direction of traffic if it is a one-way carriageway and, if he wishes to enter another two-way road, make his turn so as to enter the carriageway of such other road on the side appropriate to the direction of traffic. 2.While changing direction, th e driver shall, without prejudice to the provisions of Article 21 of this Convention regarding pedestrians, allow oncoming vehicles on the carriageway he is preparing to leave, and cycles and mopeds moving on cycle tracks crossing the carriageway he is about to enter, to pass. ARTICLE 17 Slowing down 1. No driver of a vehicle shall brake abruptly unless it is necessary to do so for safety reasons. 2. Every driver intending to slow down to an appreciable extent shall, except where his slowing down is in response to an imminent danger, first make sure that he can do so without danger or undue inconvenience to other drivers.He shall also, unless he has made sure that there is no vehicle following him or that any following vehicle is a long way behind, give clear and timely warning of his intention by making an appropriate signal with his arm. However, this provision shall not apply if warning of slowing down in given by the vehicle's stop lights, referred to in Annex 5, paragraph 31, o f this Convention. ARTICLE 18 Intersections and obligation to give way 1. Every driver approaching an intersection shall exercise such extra care as may be appropriate to local conditions. Drivers of vehicles shall, in particular, drive at such a speed as to be able to stop to allow vehicles having the right of way to pass. – 17 – 2. Every driver emerging from a path or an earth-track (dirt road) on to a road other than a path or an earth-track shall give way to vehicles travelling on that road.For the purposes of this Article the terms â€Å"path† and â€Å"earth-track† (dirt road) may be defined in domestic legislation. 3. Every driver emerging on to a road from a property bordering thereon shall give way to vehicles travelling on that road. 4. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 7 of this Article: (a) In States where traffic keeps to the right the driver of a vehicle shall give way, at intersections other than those specified in paragraph 2 of this Article and in Article 25, paragraphs 2 and 4 of this Convention, to vehicles approaching from his right; (b) Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof in whose territories traffic keeps to the left shall be free to regulate the right of way at intersections as they see fit. 5.Even if traffic light signals authorize him to do so, a driver shall not enter an intersection if the density of traffic is such that he will probably be obliged to stop on the intersection, thereby obstructing or preventing the passage of cross traffic. 6. A driver who has entered an intersection where traffic is regulated by traffic light signals may clear the intersection without waiting for the way to be opened in the direction in which he wishes to proceed, provided that this does not impede the progress of other road-users moving in the open direction. 7. Drivers of vehicles not moving on rails shall give way to rail-borne vehicles. ARTICLE 19 Level-crossings Road-users shall exercise extra care in app roaching and traversing levelcrossings. In particular: (a)Every driver of a vehicle shall drive at a moderate speed; (b) Without prejudice to the obligation to obey an instruction to stop given by a light signal or a sound signal, no road-user shall enter a levelcrossing at which the gates or half-gates are across the road or in process of being placed across the road, or at which the half-gates are in process of being raised; (c) If a level-crossing is not equipped with gates, half-gates or light signals, no road-user shall enter it without making sure that no rail-borne vehicle is approaching; (d) No driver shall enter a level-crossing without first ascertaining that he may not be obliged to stop on it; – 18 – (e) vehicle is and, if he drivers ofNo road-user shall linger while traversing a level crossing; if a compelled to stop, its driver shall endeavour to move it off the track, is unable to do so, immediately do everything he can to ensure that the rail-borne vehi cles are warned of the danger in time. ARTICLE 20 Rules applicable to pedestrians 1. Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof shall be free not to enforce the provisions of this Article except in cases where pedestrian traffic o the n carriageway would be dangerous or would obstruct vehicular traffic. 2. If, at the side of the carriageway, there are pavements (sidewalks) or suitable verges for pedestrians, pedestrians shall use them. Nevertheless, if they take the necessary precautions: (a)Pedestrians pushing or carrying bulky objects may use the carriageway if they would seriously inconvenience other pedestrians by walking on the pavement (sidewalk) or verge; (b) Groups of pedestrians led by procession may walk on the carriageway. a person in charge or forming a 3. If it is not possible to use pavements (sidewalks) or verges, or if none is provided, pedestrians may walk on the carriageway; where there is a cycle track and the density of traffic so permits, they may walk on the c ycle track, but shall not obstruct cycle and moped traffic in doing so. 4. Pedestrians walking on the carriageway in accordance with paragraphs 2 and 3 of this Article shall keep as close as possible to the edge of the carriageway. 5.It is recommended that domestic legislation should provide as follows: pedestrians walking on the carriageway shall keep to the side opposite to that appropriate to the direction of traffic except where to do so places them in danger. However, persons pushing a cycle, a moped or a motor cycle, and groups of pedestrians led by a person in charge or forming a procession shall in all cases keep to the side of the carriageway appropriate to the direction of traffic. Unless they form a procession, pedestrians walking on the carriageway shall, by night or when visibility is poor and, by day, if the density of vehicular traffic so requires, walk in single file wherever possible. 6. (a) Pedestrians wishing to cross a carriageway shall not step on to it without exercising care; they shall use a pedestrian crossing whenever there is one nearby. (b)In order to cross the carriageway at a pedestrian crossing signposted as such or indicated by markings on the carriageway: (i) If the crossing is equipped with light signals for pedestrians, the latter shall obey the instructions given by such lights; – 19 – (ii) If the crossing is not equipped with such lights, but vehicular traffic is regulated by traffic light signals or by an authorized official, pedestrians shall not step onto the carriageway while the traffic light signal or the signal given by the authorized official indicates that vehicles may proceed along it; (iii) At other pedestrian crossings, pedestrians shall not step on to the carriageway without taking the distance and speed of approaching vehicles into account. (c)In order to cross the carriageway elsewhere than at a pedestrian crossing signposted as such or indicated by markings on the carriageway, pedestrians shall not step on to the carriageway without first making sure that they can do so without impeding vehicular traffic. (d) Once they have started to cross a carriageway, pedestrians shall not take an unnecessarily long route, and shall not linger or stop on the carriageway unnecessarily. 7. However, Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof may impose stricter requirements on pedestrians crossing the carriageway. ARTICLE 21 Behaviour of drivers towards pedestrians 1. Every driver shall avoid behaviour likely to endanger pedestrians. 2.Without prejudice to the provisions of Article 7, paragraph 1, Article 11, paragraph 9, and Article 13, paragraph 1, of this Convention, where there is on the carriageway a pedestrian crossing signposted as such or indicated by markings on the carriageway: (a) If vehicular traffic is regulated at that crossing by traffic light signals or by an authorized official, drivers forbidden to proceed shall stop short of the crossing or the transverse markings pre ceding it and, when they are permitted to proceed, shall not prevent or obstruct the passage of pedestrians who have stepped on to it; drivers turning into another road at the entrance to which there is a pedestrian crossing shall do so slowly and give way, if necessary stopping for this purpose, to pedestrians already using, or about to use, the crossing; (b)If vehicular traffic is not regulated at that crossing by traffic light signals or by an authorized official, drivers shall approach the crossing only at a speed low enough not to endanger pedestrians using, or about to use, it; if necessary, they shall stop to allow such pedestrians to cross. 3. No provision of this Article shall be construed as preventing Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof from: – 20 – Requiring drivers of vehicles to stop in all cases when pedestrians are using, or about to use, a pedestrian crossing signposted as such or indicated by markings on the carriageway in the conditions laid down in Article 20 of this Convention, orProhibiting them from preventing or obstructing the passage of pedestrians who are crossing the carriageway at or very near an intersection even if there is at that point no pedestrian crossing signposted as such or indicated by markings on the carriageway. 4. Drivers intending to overtake, on the side appropriate to the direction of traffic, a public transport vehicle at a stop marked as such shall slow down and if necessary stop to allow passengers to board or alight from that vehicle. ARTICLE 22 Islands on the carriageway Without prejudice to the provisions of Article 10 of this Convention, a driver may pass to the left or to the right of islands, posts and other devices set up on the carriageway on which he is travelling, except in the following cases: (a)Where the side on which the island, post or device shall be passed is indicated by a sign; (b) Where the island, post or device is on the centre-line of a two-way carriageway; in this ca se the driver shall keep to the side of the island, post or device corresponding to the direction of traffic. ARTICLE 23 Standing and parking 1. Outside built-up areas, standing or parked vehicles and halted animals shall so far as possible be stationed elsewhere than on the carriageway. In and outside built-up areas they shall not be stationed on cycle tracks, on pavements or on verges specially provided for pedestrian traffic, save where applicable domestic legislation so permits. 2. (a)Animals halted and vehicles standing or parked on the carriageway shall be kept as close as possible to the edge of the carriageway. A driver shall not stand or park his vehicle on a carriageway save on the side appropriate, for him, to the direction of traffic; nevertheless, standing or parking on the other side shall be permitted where standing or parking on the side appropriate to the direction of traffic is prevented by the presence of rail tracks. Moreover, Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof may: (i) Refrain from prohibiting standing and parking on one side or the other in certain conditions, for instance where standing on the side appropriate to the direction of traffic is prohibited by road signs; – 21 – (ii)On one-way carriageways, authorize standing and parking on the other side as well as or instead of on the side appropriate to the direction of traffic; (iii) Authorize standing and parking in the middle of the carriageway at places specially marked; (b) Save where domestic legislation provides otherwise, vehicles other than two-wheeled cycles, two-wheeled mopeds and two-wheeled motor cycles without side-car shall not stand or be parked two abreast on the carriageway. Standing or parked vehicles shall, unless the layout of the area permits otherwise, be placed parallel to the edge of the carriageway. 3. (a) The standing or parking of a vehicle on the carriageway shall be prohibited: (i)On pedestrian crossings, on crossings for cyclists, and on level-crossings; (ii) On tramway or railway tracks on a road or so close to such tracks that the movement of trams or trains might be impeded, and also, subject to the possibility for Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof to provide otherwise, on pavements and cycle tracks; (b) The standing or parking of a vehicle at any point where it would constitute a danger shall be prohibited, more particularly: (i) (ii) On the carriageway, close to the crests of hills, and on bends where visibility is not sufficient for the vehicle to be overtaken in complete safety, having regard to the speed of ehicles on the section of the road in question; (iii) On a carriageway beside a longitudinal road marking, where subparagraph (b) (ii) of this paragraph does not apply but the width of the carriageway between the marking and the vehicle is less than 3 m and the marking is such that vehicles approaching it on the same side are forbidden to cross it; (iv) At any place where the vehicle would conc eal road signs or traffic light signals from the view of road-users; (v) (c) Save in such spaces as may be specially marked, under flyovers and in tunnels; On an additional lane indicated by a sign for slowly moving vehicles; The parking of a vehicle on the carriageway shall be prohibited: (i)On approaches to level-crossings, to intersections and to bus, trolley-bus or rail-vehicle stops; within the distances prescribed by domestic legislation; – 22 – (ii) In front of vehicle entries to properties; (iii) At any point where the parked vehicle would prevent access to another vehicle properly parked or prevent such other vehicle from moving out; (iv) On the central carriageway of three-carriageway roads and, outside built-up areas, on the carriageways of roads marked as priority roads by appropriate signs. 4. A driver shall not leave his vehicle or his animals without having taken all suitable precautions to avoid any accident and, in the case of a motor vehicle, to preve nt its unauthorized use. 5.It is recommended that domestic legislation should provide as follows: every power-driven vehicle other than a two-wheeled moped or a two-wheeled motor cycle without side-car, and every trailer coupled or uncoupled shall when stationary on the carriageway outside a built-up area be signalled to approaching drivers at a sufficient distance by means of at least one appropriate device placed at the most suitable point to give them adequate advance warning: (a) If the vehicle is stationary at night on the carriageway in circumstances such that approaching drivers cannot be aware of the obstacle which the vehicle constitutes; (b) If the driver, in other cases, has been compelled to halt his vehicle at a place where standing is prohibited. 6. Nothing in this Article shall be construed as preventing Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof from introducing other prohibitions on parking and standing. ARTICLE 24 Opening of doorsIt shall be prohibited to open the door of a vehicle, to leave it open, or to alight from the vehicle without having made sure that to do so cannot endanger other road-users. ARTICLE 25 Motorways and similar roads 1. On motorways and, if so provided in domestic legislation, on special approach roads to and exit roads from motorways: (a) The use of the road shall be prohibited to pedestrians, animals, cycles, mopeds unless they are treated as motor cycles, and all vehicles other than motor vehicles and their trailers, and to motor vehicles or motor-vehicle trailers which are incapable, by virtue of their design, of attaining on a flat road a speed specified by domestic legislation; – 23 – (b) Drivers shall be forbidden: (i) (ii) 2. it. To have their vehicles standing or parked elsewhere than at arked parking sites; if a vehicle is compelled to stop, its driver shall endeavour to move it off the carriageway and also off the flush verge and, if he is unable to do so, immediately signal the presence of the vehicle at a distance so as to warn approaching drivers in time; To make U-turns, to travel in reverse, and to drive on to the central dividing strip, including the crossovers linking the two carriageways. Drivers emerging on to a motorway shall give way to vehicles travelling on If there is an acceleration lane, they shall use it. 3. A driver leaving a motorway shall move into the traffic lane appropriate to the motorway exit in good time and enter the deceleration lane, if there is one, as soon as he can. 4.For the purpose of the application of paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 of this Article, other roads reserved for motor vehicle traffic, duly signposted as such and not affording access to or from properties alongside, shall be treated as motorways. ARTICLE 25 bis Special regulations for tunnels indicated by special road signs In tunnels indicated by the special road signs, the following rules shall apply: 1. All drivers are forbidden: (a) to reverse; (b) to make a U-turn; (c) purpose. to stop or to park a vehicle except at the places indicated for that 2. Even if the tunnel is lit, all drivers must switch on the driving or passing lamps. 3. In case of a prolonged stoppage the driver must switch off the engine. ARTICLE 26Special rules applicable to processions and handicapped persons 1. It shall be prohibited for road-users to cut across troop columns, files of school-children accompanied by a person in charge, and other processions. – 24 – 2. Handicapped persons travelling in invalid chairs propelled by themselves or moving at a walking pace may use pavements (sidewalks) and suitable verges. ARTICLE 27 Special rules applicable to cyclists, moped drivers and motor cyclists 1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 10, paragraph 3, of this Convention, Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof shall be free not to prohibit cyclists from travelling two or more abreast. 2.It shall be prohibited for cyclists to ride without holding the handlebars with at least one hand, to allow themselves to be towed by another vehicle, or to carry, tow or push objects which hamper their cycling or endanger other roadusers. The same provisions shall apply to moped drivers and motor cyclists; in addition, however, moped drivers and motor cyclists shall hold the handlebars with both hands except when signalling the manoeuvre described in Article 14, paragraph 3, of this Convention. 3. It shall be prohibited for cyclists and moped drivers to carry passengers on their vehicle; however, Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof may authorize exceptions to this provision and, in particular, authorize the transport of passengers on such additional saddle or saddles as may be fitted on the vehicle.Motor cyclists shall not be permitted to carry passengers except in the side-car, if there is one, and on the additional saddle (pillion), if any, fitted behind the driver. 4. Where cycle tracks exist, Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof may forbid c yclists to use the rest of the carriageway. In the same circumstances they may authorize moped drivers to use the cycle track and, if they consider it advisable, prohibit them from using the rest of the carriageway. ARTICLE 28 Audible and luminous warnings 1. Audible warning devices may be used only: (a) To give due warning with a view to avoiding an accident; (b) Outside built-up areas when it is desirable to warn a driver that he is about to be overtaken. The sounds emitted by audible warning devices shall not be prolonged more than necessary. 2.Motor-vehicle drivers may give the luminous warnings specified in Article 32, paragraph 3, of this Convention, instead of audible warnings, between nightfall and dawn. They may also do so in daylight hours for the purpose indicated in paragraph 1(b) of this Article, if to do so is more appropriate in the prevailing circumstances. – 25 – 3. Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof may authorize the use of luminous warnings in built-up areas also for the purpose referred to in paragraph 1(b) of this Article. ARTICLE 29 Rail-borne vehicles 1. Where a railway uses a carriageway, every road-user shall, on the approach of a tram or other rail-borne vehicle clear the track as soon as possible to allow the rail-borne vehicle to pass. 2.Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof may adopt special rules, differing from those laid down in this Chapter, for the movement of rail-borne vehicles on the road and for passing or overtaking such vehicles. However, Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof may not adopt provisions which conflict with those of Article 18, paragraph 7, of this Convention. ARTICLE 30 Loading of vehicles 1. If a permissible maximum mass is laid down for a vehicle, the laden mass of the vehicle shall never exceed the permissible maximum mass. 2. Every load on a vehicle shall be so arranged and, if necessary, stowed as to prevent it from: (a) Endangering persons or causing damage to public or private property, more particularly by trailing on or falling on to the road; (b)Obstructing the driver's view or impairing the stability or driving of the vehicle; (c) Causing noise, raising dust, or creating any other nuisance which can be avoided; (d) Masking lights, including stop lights and direction-indicators, reflex reflectors, registration numbers and the distinguishing sign of the State of registration with which, under this Convention or under domestic legislation, the vehicle is required to be equipped, or masking signals given by arm in accordance with Article 14, paragraph 3, or Article 17, paragraph 2, of this Convention. 3. All accessories, such as cables, chains and sheets, used to secure or protect the load shall be drawn tight around the load and be firmly fastened.All accessories used to protect the load shall satisfy the requirements laid down for the load in paragraph 2 of this Article. 4. Loads projecting beyond the front, rear or sides of the vehicle shal l be clearly marked in all cases where their projection might not be noticed by the drivers of other vehicles; at night, a white light and a white reflecting device shall be used for such marking at the front and a red light and a red reflecting device at the rear. More particularly, on power-driven vehicles: – 26 – (a) Loads projecting more than 1 m beyond the front or rear of the vehicle shall always be marked; (b) Loads projecting laterally beyond the outer edge of the vehicle in such a way that their lateral outer edge is more than 0. 40 m from the outer edge of the ehicle's front position (side) light shall be marked at the front at night, and loads projecting in such a way that their lateral outer edge is more than 0. 40 m from the outer edge of the vehicle's red rear position (side) light shall be similarly marked at the rear at night. 5. Nothing in paragraph 4 of this Article shall be construed as preventing Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof from proh ibiting, restricting, or subjecting to special authorization, load projections as referred to in t he aforesaid paragraph 4. ARTICLE 30 bis Carriage of passengers Passengers shall not be carried in such numbers or in such a way as to interfere with driving or obstruct the driver's view. ARTICLE 31 Behaviour in case of accident 1.Without prejudice to the provisions of domestic legislation concerning the obligation to assist the injured, every driver or other road-user involved in a traffic accident shall: (a) traffic; Stop as soon as he can do so without causing an additional danger to (b) Endeavour to ensure traffic safety at the site of the accident and, if a person has been killed or seriously injured in the accident, to prevent, in so far as such action does not affect traffic safety, any change in conditions at the site, including the disappearance of traces which might be useful for determining responsibilities; (c) If so requested by other persons involved in the accident, ide ntify himself to them; (d)If a person has been injured or killed in the accident, notify the police and remain on the scene of the accident or return to it and wait there until the arrival of the police, unless he has been authorized by the police to leave or has to assist the injured or to receive attention himself. 2. Contracting Parties or subdivisions thereof may, under their domestic legislation, refrain from imposing the provision of paragraph 1 (d) of this Article in cases where no serious injury has been caused and none of the persons involved requests that the police should be notified. – 27 – ARTICLE 32 Rules of the use of lamps 1. Between nightfall and dawn and in any other circumstances when visibility is inadequate on account, for example, of fog, snowfall or heavy rain, the following lamps shall be lit on a moving vehicle: (a)On power-driven vehicles and mopeds the driving lamp(s) or passing lamp(s) and the rear position lamp(s), according to the equipmen t prescribed by the present Convention for the vehicle of each category; (b) On trailers, front position lamps, if such lamps are required according to Annex 5, paragraph 30, of this Convention, and not less than two rear position lamps. 2. Driving lamps shall be switched off and replaced by passing lamps: (a) In built-up areas where the road is adequately lighted and outside built-up areas where the carriageway is continuously lighted and the lighting is sufficient to enable the driver to see clearly for an adequate distance and to enable other road-users to see the vehicle far enough away; (b)When a driver is about to pass another vehicle, so as to prevent dazzle far enough away to enable the driver of the other vehicle to proceed easily and without danger; (c) In any other circumstances in which it is necessary to avoid dazzling other road-users or the users of a waterway or railway running alongside the road. 3. When, however, a vehicle is following closely behind another vehicl e, driving lamps may be used to give a luminous warning as referred to in Article 28, paragraph 2, of the intention to overtake. 4. Fog lamps may be lit only in thick fog, falling snow, heavy rain or similar conditions and, as regards front fog maps, as a substitute for passing lamps.Domestic legislation may authorize the simultaneous use of front fog lamps and passing lamps and the use of front fog lamps on narrow, winding roads. 5. On vehicles equipped with front position lamps, such lamps shall be used together with the driving lamps, the passing lamps or the front fog lamps. 6. During the day, a motor cycle moving on the road shall display at least one passing lamp to the front and a red lamp to the rear. Domestic legislation may permit the use of daytime running lamps instead of passing lamps. 7. Domestic legislation may make it compulsory for drivers of motor vehicles to use during the day either passing lamps or daytime running lamps. Rear position lamps shall in this case be used together with the front lamps. – 28 – 8.Between nightfall and dawn and in any other circumstances when visibility is inadequate, the presence of power-driven vehicles and their trailers standing or parked on a road shall be indicated by front and rear position lamps. In thick fog, falling snow, heavy rain or similar conditions passing lamps or front fog lamps may be used. Rear fog lamps may in these conditions be used as a supplement to the rear position lamps. 9. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 8 of this Article, within a built-up area the front and rear position lamps may be replaced by parking lamps, provided that: (a) The vehi